Foreign Policy (Netherlands/England) Flashcards
What did John Lynch say about Philip accessing the wealth of the Netherlands?
‘ he had to use methods of government more absolute than those of his predecessors in order to break the constitutional restraints on his authority.’
Philip’s aims in the Netherlands?
- stamp out Protestantism and secure Catholicism
- some argue he wanted to impose despotic rule
- ensuring his rights as a ruler remained protected
Who was appointed viceroy in the Netherlands? Why may this be considered a poor decision?
Margaret of Parma - she had been raised in Italy and was easily manipulated by Dutch nobles
1563
William of Orange, Count of Egmont and Philip of Hornes withdrew from the Council of State and called for a relaxation in heresy laws. Philip’s implementation of 3 supporters of a centrally controlled government on the council angered them, along with fears that they were moving towards a more centralised government and would lose power as a result
How many Bishops did Philip plan to have in the Netherlands and why?
He wanted to increase the number of Bishops from 4 to 18 and this was not only to strengthen Catholicism in the Netherlands, but also Philip’s control over the church. The crowns political power would be englarged al
What did William of Orange request?
An equivalent to the 1555 peace of Augsburg and this was not well received
Iconoclastic Fury
1566, calvanists rioted damaging Catholic Churches
Philip’s main shortcoming leading up to the iconoclastic fury?
Sent Margaret conflicting messages as to what to do and by the time Philip had decided to make concessions it was too late.
How many visits did Philip pay to the Netherlands prior to the revolt?
3
Who was sent to the Netherlands in 1567? What were his instructions?
Duke of Alba - ordered to set up a council of troubles which went on to sentence 1100 people to death who were involved with the revolt and arrest 12 300. By this point Margaret had largely calmed tensions, however, and she refused to work with Alba due to his harsh approach
Tenth Penny
A 10% sales tax that Alba attempted to introduce but this led to a second outbreak of rebellion - by 1572 most of the northern areas of the Netherlands were in revolt, particularly zeeland and holland.
Who replaced Alba as governor and when?
Luis de Requesens in 1573
What position was Granvelle given in 1560? Why did this anger Dutch nobles?
Archbishop of Mechelen - the pope had also promoted him to cardinal meaning he took precedence over William of Orange and Egmont on the council of state
When did Orange flee the Netherlands?
1567
What was Alba’s council nicknamed?
Council of Blood
When were Egmont and Hornes executed? What happened 2 years later?
June 1568 - two years later, Philip had Horne’s incarcerated brother, Floris secretly strangled to death and claimed he died of illness.
1972
Alba issued the execution of 2000 troops and magistrates and imposed a fine of 200 000 florins.
Spanish Fury
Spanish troops had not been paid and they went and ransacked dutch towns in 1576 - 8000 civilians died as a result. When southern states realised they could no longer look to Spain for protection, they too joined the revolt.
Requesenes death and his replacement?
1576 - don john.
Pacification of Ghent
1576 - called for the expulsion of Spanish troops from the Low Countries, the restoration of provincial and local prerogatives, and an end to the persecution of Calvinists or anyone else for religious reasons.
Perpetual Edict
1577 - provided for the removal of Spanish troops from Netherlands
How much did the army in Flanders cost between 1590 and 1597? What about by 1575?
20 million ducats - it was already costing 700 000 ducats per month by 1575
not : this was only able to be supported due to the influx in new world silver
Who went to Spain in 1564 and why?
Count of Egmont to discuss dutch demands to which Philip provided a false sense of security as he all but rejected the demands the demands the following year in letters written from segovia woods
Treaty of Arras
signed by Parma in 1579 in which he agreed to withdraw troops from the southern Walloon states.
Who surrendered in 1585?
Brussels and Antwerp
When was William of Orange assassinated
1584
Union of Utrecht
1579, signed between seven dutch provinces and set strong foundations for the future
Treaty of Nonsuch
1585 - Elizabeth I promised to finance 7,400 soldiers to help the Dutch Protestant rebels fight the Spanish
The Treaty of Joinville
1584 - between the French catholic league and the Spanish where they agreed to take on protestant England
What provinces were left to secure after 1585?
Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht
What years was Parma unable to fight and why?
1586/87 because he was waiting for the Armada to set sail
When did Parma die?
1592
Who did Elizabeth promise to consider marrying and on what terms?
Duke of Alencon - if he sent troops to the Netherlands
What did Elizabeth do to placate Philip?
In 1572, Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars from harbouring in English ports, when previously she had been giving them safe conduct.
When and why was Mary Queen of Scots executed? What was the significance of this?
In 1587, for her role in the Babington plot. Mary was Catholic, so as ‘defender of Catholicism’, Philip may have sent the armada to avenge her execution.
When did the Duke of Alencon die?
1584
When did Philip prevent the pope from excommunicating England?
1561
Francis Drake circumnavigation
1576 to 1581
Who did Elizabeth support in 1583?
Don Antonio, a Portuguese pretender to the throne.
Name some reasons for tensions between England and Spain
- commercial
- religious
- political
- imperial
- military
- netherlands
Issues with Francis Drake
- between 1576 and 1581, Drake seized large quantities of Spanish treasure.
- in 1570, Drake raided Spanish ships and gave the spoils to Elizabeth.
- also, much later in 1586, Drake attacked some areas of Northern Spain and briefly occupied Spanish fortresses - challenged Philip’s reputation.
Singeing of the King’s Beard
Series of attacks carried out by Drake in 1587 beginning in Cadiz
When did the armada set sail?
1588 and then again in 1597
Why were English merchants angering the Spanish?
by trading in the new world without permits and crossing through the trade route in the netherlands
Why did the armada fail?
English Strengths:
- English naval tactics
- English ships
- Elizabeth listened to expert advice
Spanish weaknesses:
- poor Spanish communication
- Armada was badly supplied (e.g. food)
Luck:
- weather
Who prevented the Spanish from gaining deep water ports?
Earl of Leicester
How many men died as an attempt of the attempted campaign on england?
15 000
Who was the Spanish ambassador in England and what happened to him in 1569?
Don Guerau de Spes was imprisoned
Who was expelled for being complicit in the Throckmorton plot?
Spanish ambassador, Mendoza
Where did the 1588 armada land?
Munster, Ireland
What did Elizabeth do in 1568?
Confiscated Spanish ships carrying wool and money to pay the Spanish troops in the Netherlands - this resulted in the Spanish Fury
Battle of Gravelines
The English fired at the Spanish the whole entire day, and sank 5 ships and damaged many more. The Spanish was defeated.
Who commanded the Armada?
Medina Sidonia and Parma
Who did Philip want to command the armada?
Marquis of Santa Cruz
