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The Rise And Fall Of Fascism In Italy c1911 - 46 > Foreign Policy pre-1935 > Flashcards

Foreign Policy pre-1935 Flashcards

1
Q

What were Mussolini’s key aims w/ foreign policy?

A
  • Assert Italy’s position as world power
  • Maximise prestige
  • Gain Fiume and Dodecanese Islands (mutilated victory)
  • Dominance in Adriatic Sea and Balkans ( esp Albania)
  • Gain African territory (specifically Libya, Eritrea and Somaliland)
  • Expand Italy’s spazio vitale (living space)
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2
Q

In order to form alliances, who did Mussolini sign treaties with, did this actually boost his prestige as intended and why not?

A
  • 1923 –> POL, Czechoslovakia, AUS
  • 1924 –> USSR, Switzerland
  • 1925 –> Hungary, SPA, Albania, Greece
  • Did not boost prestige
  • Has a reputation for switching allegiances when it suited him
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3
Q

How did Mussolini treat great and smaller powers differently

A

Great powers:
- Aimed to demonstrate how Italy could work peacefully to achieve its aims
Smaller powers:
- More aggressive

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4
Q

Give an example of a country who Mussolini treated differently as they were a smaller power and over what issue:

A
  • Greece
  • Over Dodecanese Islands, which Italy had claimed in 1912
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5
Q

What event did Mussolini use to attack the Greek gov and what did he claim?

A
  • 27 Aug 1923 –> Murder of Italian general Enrico Tellini + 4 aides, who died while on a mission to establish border between Greece and Albania
  • Claimed they had financed his assassination
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6
Q

As a result, what did Mussolini demand from the Greek gov and what did he say would happen if they did not?

A

Demands:
- Official apology
- Attend a funeral service at RCC in Athens
- Salute by Greek navy to Italian flag
- Arrest of those responsible w/in 5 days + execution
Penalty:
- 50 mil lire to Italy
- Otherwise Italy would invade Corfu

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7
Q

How many days did Mussolini give Greece to accept the terms and pay the penalty?

A
  • Accepting terms –> 1 day
  • Paying penalty –> 5 days
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8
Q

When did Italy bombard Corfu w/out warning and occupy the island?

A

31 Aug

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9
Q

Who celebrated Mussolini’s actions and what did the League of Nations say about this?

A
  • Celebrated by nationalists and elites eg. head of Navy Thaon di Revel
  • GBR demanded Mussolini to leave Corfu
  • League of Nations ordered Greece to pay penalty
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10
Q

Why did Mussolini have to leave Corfu, when did they do this and what did they get in return?

A
  • di Revel informed him their navy would barely last 48 hrs if GBR decided to act
  • 27 Sep –> Italy left Corfu and Greece gave the demanded 50 lira
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11
Q

How was the Corfu incident both a success and a failure?

A

Failure:
- Showed Italy’s insignificance as a power
Success:
- Showed the people Mussolini was willing to engage in decisive action

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12
Q

What change in the army did the Corfu incident lead to?

A

Policy of considerable rearmament to allow ITA to challenge GBR’s power in future

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13
Q

When was Mussolini’s next success regarding foreign affairs, how did he achieve it and why had it happened?

A
  • Jan 1924 –> Pact of Rome signed, where Yugoslavia recognised Fiume as part of Italy
  • Through negotiations
  • Yugoslavia no longer needed it as they had constructed a greater port at Split
  • Exchanged it for Italian recognition of Yugoslavian rule at Susak
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14
Q

When was the Locarno Treaty and how was it significant to Italy?

A
  • 1925
  • Conference attended of European powers
  • Germany took its place in League of Nations, showing equality to great powers to the people
  • Pre-WW1 borders between itself, FRA and Belgium were accepted
  • Demilitarised Rhineland confirmed
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15
Q

How successful was the Locarno Treaty and how did Mussolini use this to portray a positive image of himself?

A
  • Very successful
  • Initially sent Dino Grandi as his representative but after went himself when discovered its success
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16
Q

Dino Grandi:

A
  • Initially left-wing
  • Joined Blackshirts in 1920 (radical)
  • 1929 –> Minister of the Interior
  • 1923 to 1939 –> Italy’s ambassador to UK
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17
Q

How did Mussolini undermine Yugoslavia and why did he do this?

A
  • Supported Croatian Ustasha and Macedonian nationalist movements aiming for separation from Yugoslav state
  • Powerful block to Italy’s territorial ambitions
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18
Q

How did Mussolini use Albania to undermine Yugoslavia and extend his influence?

A
  • Jan 1925 –> Mussolini backed accession of Ahmet Zogu as president
  • 1926 –> Treaty of Friendship w/ Albania signed (satellite state)
  • 1928 –> Supported his self-proclamation as King Zog I
  • Yugoslavia now faced a military threat on its southern border
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19
Q

When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed, what did it say, how many nations signed it altogether and how did Mussolini try to use it to demonstrate his influence?

A
  • 27 Jul 1928
  • 65 nations
  • Tried to persuade signing to happen in Rome, but this was refused
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20
Q

Who assassinated the Yugoslavian King Alexander, when did this happen and who was behind this?

A
  • 1934
  • Croatian terrorists
  • Financed by fascists and provided w/ training base in ITA
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21
Q

What was Mussolini continuing in Libya, what had happened here and what was this called?

A
  • War against Libyan rebellion that had started in WW1
  • ITA garrisons driven back towards coast
    Pacification of Libya:
  • 1929 –> Marshal Badoglio pursued a brutal policy to reassert Italian rule
22
Q

What did the brutal policy consist of?

A
  • Starvation
  • Mass execution
  • Use of concentration camps
  • Chemical warfare eg. poison gas
23
Q

What fraction of Libya’s population were either killed or starved to death and when was the rebellion finally ended?

A
  • 1/3
  • 1932
24
Q

What examples are there to show GBR’s good relationship w/ Italy?

A
  • GBR supported Italy’s independence movement
  • GBR fought alongside ITA in WW1
  • Worked together in Locarno Treaty negotiations
  • ITA helped pressure Turkey into giving up rich oil town of Mosul to British colony of Iraq so GBR helped w/ Albania
25
Q

In what instance did these good relations begin clashing?

A

GBR would not consider any compromise on its naval control of Mediterranean, which ITA claimed it had some rights to

26
Q

In what other way did Mussolini undermine British power?

A

Supporting pro-Italian grps in Malta

27
Q

Give examples to show Italy’s economic dependence on GBR, which also created problems

A
  • Revaluation of lira in 1927 was only done through funding from GBR gov and financial institutions
  • Linked to a world financial system dominated by GBR and USA
28
Q

As a result, what kind of relationship did Mussolini share w/ GBR up until 1936 and what was he doing meanwhile?

A
  • Friendly relationship
  • Building ITA army to challenge British power in Mediterranean
29
Q

How did Mussolini view France and what events impacted their relationship?

A
  • As a rival
  • Majority of antifascist exiles had settled there
30
Q

How was the fact that many antifascist exiles settled in FRA an issue?

A
  • Mussolini made complaints to FRA about ITA antifascist activities there
  • Responded w/ anger that OVRA and fascist security police operated agents in FRA who infiltrated antifascist organisations
31
Q

What is another country the French were worried about and why?

A
  • Tunisia
  • French African colony where a greater number of settlers were Italian
  • Worried ITA would use this against them to gain control of Tunisia
32
Q

What was ITA’s foreign policy towards France like and it has similarities w/ foreign policy of which other country?

A
  • Mixed approach
  • Prepared to work w/ them in some aspects eg. Locarno Treaty
  • Raising possibility of anti-French alliances w/ GER, SPA or Hungary
  • Similar to approach w/ GBR
33
Q

Before Hitler’s rise to power how did Mussolini view GER and why?

A
  • Looked down on it
  • Ran by socialists and pacifists in Weimar Republic
34
Q

In order to undermine the Republic even further, what did Mussolini do, but what was an underlying issue in doing this?

A
  • Gave support to German nationalist grps
  • A nationalist GER gov may seek Anschluss, which was dangerous to ITA as Austria would no longer be a buffer between ITA and GER
35
Q

What other German goals did ITA attempt to revise and why?

A
  • Revision of Treaty of Versailles
  • Directing focus from Alps to Rhine
  • Hoped strong GER would counterbalance power of GBR + FRA which would help him aims in N Africa + Balkans
36
Q

From early 1930s, what did Hitler and Mussolini exchange letters about?

A
  • Hitler promised to pursue a GER-ITA alliance if he became Chancellor
  • Mussolini gave political advice
37
Q

Despite his links w/ Hitler, why was Mussolini still concerned and how did he react to this?

A
  • Hitler was a nationalist and and Austrian so he would most definitely pursue Anschluss
  • Tried to bring GBR, FRA, GER and ITA together in a ‘Four Power Pact’
38
Q

What did Mussolini aim to have in ‘Four Power Pact’?

A
  • Proposal promising GER a parity (equality) of arms w/ ITA and possibility of territorial changes to Versailles settlement
  • Hoped to undermine League of Nations by having key decisions made by pact not them
39
Q

When was the ‘Four Power Pact’ signed but who was it never ratified by?

A
  • 15 Jul 1933
  • Never ratified by GBR or FRA
40
Q

Which countries opposed the pact, why and what did their alliance w/ FRA help them do?

A
  • Czechoslovakia and Poland
  • Feared German expansion due to possible territorial changes
  • Kept FRA away from Pact
41
Q

How was the aim of revising the Versailles settlement undermined by Hitler?

A

1933:
- Hitler withdrew from League of Nations
- Resumed rearmament

42
Q

When Austria was threatened by Germany, who did their Chancellor go to for help and what did this person encourage?

A
  • Mussolini
  • Encouraged clamping down on Austrian Nazis demanding Anschluss in return for protection from GER offered by ITA
  • Feb 1934 –> Encouraged him to establish an authoritarian regime based on Italian fascism
43
Q

What event confirmed Mussolini’s fear of Anschluss in the following year, but how did this luckily fail?

A
  • Jul 1934 –> Austrian Nazis assassinated Austrian Chancellor, Englebert Dolfuss
  • Attempted to take over and pursue Anschluss
  • Coup collapsed when Hitler refused to back them
44
Q

How did Mussolini initially react to the attempt to take over, how did the people view this and what was the real reason for Hitler’s lack of support?

A
  • Mobilised 4 divisions
  • Moved some equipment to Brenner Frontier between AUS and ITA (40,000 troops)
  • They thought he was the key to stopping Hitler from supporting the coup
  • Hitler was more interested in consolidation of power and maintenance of good relations w/ Italy than foreign policy
45
Q

However, besides Anschluss, what other conflicts were there between ITA and GER?

A

Nazi racial theory depicted Italians as inferior

46
Q

In Mar 1935, what did Hitler openly announce and how was this a problem?

A
  • Germany’s military rearmament that had been going on for 2 years, conscription and development of Luftwaffe (air force)
  • Direct violation of Treaty of Versailles and threat of Anschluss
47
Q

In reaction to the announcement, who did Mussolini meet with, where and when?

A

Apr 1935:
- GBR (Ramsay MacDonald) and FRA foreign ministers (Pierre Laval)
- Stresa, northern ITA

48
Q

What was the content of the agreement?

A
  • GBR, FRA, ITA criticised rearmament
  • Cooperation to avoid any country abandoning peace treaty without communication
  • Reaffirmed support for Locarno Treaty
  • Support for AUS’ independence
49
Q

What were the negatives of the Stresa Front and what did Mussolini use this an excuse for?

A
  • Vague
  • Undermined when Anglo-German naval agreement signed w/ GER in Jun 1935 w/out consultation
  • Excuse to abandon agreements made at Stresa Front
50
Q

What had Mussolini already discussed w/ Laval?

A

If FRA approved ITA plans to colonise Abyssinia, anti-German agreement would be reached between ITA and GER

51
Q

What misunderstanding has occurred at Stresa?

A
  • Mussolini claimed there was a suggested understanding that GBR and FRA would support ITA’s goals in Africa in return for ITA’s anti-German action in the Stresa Front
  • This is because collective security was referred to only ‘in Europe’ (not Africa)
  • Later, Laval argued he had only approved penetration of Abyssinia

The Rise And Fall Of Fascism In Italy c1911 - 46 (15 decks)

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