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The Rise And Fall Of Fascism In Italy c1911 - 46 > Change of Italian Nation 1943 - 1946 > Flashcards

Change of Italian Nation 1943 - 1946 Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the Allies lack any concrete plans to invade Italy after Sicily, but what did each ally think about it?

A
  • Would divert forces from main focus on N France, where mass invasion was being planned
    GBR:
  • Beneficial because more airfields to attack GER forces from w/ 2nd front from Balkans & Aegean + helping FRA invasion by pinning down important parts of GER military in ITA
    USA:
  • Not enthusiastic but convinced after GBR guaranteed main focus would stay in N France
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2
Q

What did the Allies hope the invasion would be like and why did they think this?

A
  • Quick w/ Rome captured before Christmas
  • Little evidence S Italy would be defended by GER forces, as they were being drawn back N of Rome
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3
Q

What had Grandi hoped for and what had actually happened?

A
  • Grandi had hoped fascists would stay in power even w/out Mussolini
  • Badoglio, King + other senior military figs began negotiating ITA’s surrender to Allies
  • 3 Sep 1943 –> Surrender signed, promising security of all of ITA’s airfields, ports, navy, air force and assistance of 60,000 ITA troops based around Rome
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4
Q

What was discovered when the surrender was made public, when was this and give examples of this?

A
  • 8 Sep –> Clear that neither Badoglio nor King had done anything to put promises into place
  • No order to ITA troops but told to retaliate if attacked
  • ITA troops confused as they had been fighting GER up to this point
  • ITA army began to dissolve –> some surrendered, over 1 mil taken prisoner
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5
Q

What was happening in the Greek islands?

A
  • Fighting between GER + ITA w/ 1200 ITA soldiers killed
  • 4800 soldiers captured ITA soldiers shot for resisting GER army
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6
Q

What did the month of negotiations about ITA’s surrender allow Hitler to do?

A

Allowed him time to plan ITA’s invasion

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7
Q

What happened on 9 Sep onwards?

A
  • GER forces began pouring into ITA
  • King, Badoglio + top military leaders fled south towards Allies
  • Refused to issue orders to fight against GER, as they believed it would incite them to attack ITA civilians
  • Lack of direction led to Rome being taken over by GER forces
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8
Q

When did ITA officially declare to be at war w/ GER and why was it delayed until this point?

A
  • 13 Sep
  • To ensure King + Badoglio were safe w/ Allies
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9
Q

At this point, what was clear to the Allies?

A
  • Promised troops would not appear
  • They would have to fight by themselves
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10
Q

How many months would it take to capture Rome and how does this compare to the planned number?

A
  • Nine months
  • Compared to planned 4
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11
Q

What was the Allied advance hampered by and where did much of the fighting occur?

A
  • Wet + freezing Oct weather and ITA’s geography
  • Apennine Mountains that rise to over 10,000 ft in places –> fighting took place across mountains , narrow ridges + valleys
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12
Q

What was this war like in comparison to WW1?

A
  • An attrition war
  • Constant fighting from both sides
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13
Q

After how many months of fighting did Allied troops become depleted and why?

A
  • 8 months
  • Troops transferred for more important invasion of FRA
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14
Q

In what way did the ITA invasion help Allies?

A

Diverted nearly 1 mil GER soldiers from FRA

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15
Q

When did Rome finally fall to Allied forces, however how long did the battle for north drag out?

A
  • 4 Jun 1944
  • Battle for N –> 2 May 1945
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16
Q

Where did Mussolini go, on what day and where is this?

A

Prison on Gran Sasso (highest mountain in Abruzzi region of SE of Rome, a very isolated location where ITA gov believed Germans wouldn’t find him)

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17
Q

Who was he saved by, when, where was he brought back and what did he do?

A
  • 12 Sep
  • German commandoes in daring aerial raid
  • Brought back to GER
  • 13 Sep –>Met w/ Hitler at Nazi control centre in E Prussia,
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18
Q

What happened at this meeting?

A
  • Hitler demanded Mussolini to return to ITA to head new fascist gov established by Nazis
  • Would have GER forces destroy Milan, Genoa + Turin if he refused
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19
Q

How long did Mussolini spend in GER and what did he do meanwhile?

A
  • 2 weeks
  • Made radio broadcasts to ITA announcing establishment of new fascist gov fighting alongside GER + JAP
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20
Q

When did Mussolini return to ITA, where did he establish his capital, what was evident from the beginning and what evidence shows this?

A
  • 25 Sep
  • Small town of Gargano on Lake Garda
  • Mussolini’s gov was puppet of GER
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21
Q

What organisations were established, where and what did this become known as?

A
  • Foreign Ministry
  • Ministry of Popular Culture
  • Small town called Salo at Lake Garda
  • Known as RSI (Salo Republic)
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22
Q

What things showed Mussolini’s gov were puppets of Germans?

A
  • Germans ensured gov bodies were spread out over 100 miles across N ITA to stop it functioning effectively
  • Appointed officials in parts of RSI w/out consulting Mussolini
  • Forced new republic to sign deal rewuiring it to pay GER 7 bil lire a month
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23
Q

In what ways was the Salo Republic successful for the ITA fascists?

A
  • Controlled richest and most populated areas of ITA eg. Piedmont, Lombardy
  • Mussolini had managed to establish new cabinet made of radical fascists (many had been part of blackshirts) to take fascism back to its violent origins
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24
Q

When was the first congress of the new fascist party held, where and what happened on this day?

A
  • 14 Nov
  • Verona
  • Drew up Verona Manifesto that attempted to take back fascism to og form as proposed in 1919 programme
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25
Q

What was this og form that was proposed?

A
  • Anticlerical republic
  • Mostly nationalised
  • Cooperative state run by workers
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26
Q

What change was made on 12 Feb 1944?

A

All priv companies + state-owned industry w/ more than 100 employees or 1 mil lire in capital would be managed equally by both workers and employees

27
Q

What was the issue w/ Mussolini’s ambition to return fascism to its roots?

A

Lack of time, support + willingness from Germans to put any of his policies into place

28
Q

Give examples to show how brutal the Salo Republic was:

A

Sentencing of political opponents:
- Jan –> 5 fascists including Ciano (M’s son-in-law) sentenced to death for treason for involvement in motion removing Mussolini from power
- 13 others, including Grandi, tried in absentia + sentenced
- 11 Jan 1944 –> Executions carried out

29
Q

What were fascists in Salo Republic also active in and give examples to show this?

A
  • Active in assisting GER plans to send ITA Jews to Nazi death camps
  • Around 7,500 Jews taken from ITA camps + sent to death camps in Eastern Europe where nearly 7,000 executed
30
Q

What were the fascists’ reason for doing this?

A
  • Verona Manifesto
  • Declared Judaism was a nationality
  • All Jews are to be classed as enemies
31
Q

What was the name of the new militia formed and how many men did they recruit?

A
  • National Republican Guard (GNR)
  • 140,000 men
32
Q

Give stats to show size of each force by start of 1944 in RSI and compare this to partisan (antifascist) forces:

A
  • 200,000 men in army
  • 20,000 in navy
  • 28,000 in air force
  • 50,000 in anti-aircraft
  • Total: 573,000 (much greater than Italians who joined antifascist partisan forces)
33
Q

Where was a brutal war raging and between who?

A
  • North
  • Italian antifascists + GER + RSI forces
34
Q

How were the ITA pop in North treated and why?

A
  • Terrorised
  • To ensure they would not shelter partisan soldiers + report them if seen in the area
35
Q

What did GER policy set out about deaths of soldiers and give an example of this?

A
  • For every GER soldier that died, 10 Italians would be executed
  • Mar 1944 –> Deaths of 33 GER soldiers led to execution of 335 Italians
36
Q

Who were the ITA partisan forces, who were their main members and how many of them were involved by Jun 1944?

A
  • Irregular rebel fighters against GER + fascists
  • Largely ex-soldiers who had returned home after ITA’s declaration of war on GER
  • Others were civilians who wanted to fight against GER occupation + Salo Republic
  • By Jun 1944 –> Around 82,000 partisans involved in sabotage, political assassination + destruction of bridges and railways
37
Q

What were some of the largest partisan forces?

A
  • Linked to PCI –> 60% of all active antifascist fighters
  • Party of Action (communists) –> 28,000
38
Q

What was formed in Jan 1944 and for what purpose?

A
  • Supreme political military authority
  • Committee of National Liberation for Upper ITA (CLNAI)
  • Coordinate activities of different partisan forces
39
Q

What impact did partisans have on the fascists?

A
  • Killed around 5000 soldiers
  • Hampered activities of 20,000 - 30,000
  • Destroyed transport links
  • Disrupted war production
40
Q

Who was in charge in the South and what was this like?

A
  • Royal gov of Kingdom of the South
  • Gov w/ little say
  • Under control of Allied occupation
41
Q

Who did the King allow to stay in power and why?

A
  • Prefects and podesta
    -They were conservatives so would be strong supporters of monarchy + control social unrest in south
42
Q

When was war on GER declared and what action had the King + Badoglio done in response to this?

A
  • Sep 1943
  • Little attempt to organise ITA contribution to fighting
43
Q

When was the Allied occupation of Rome and what was the King encouraged to do by them at this point?

A
  • Jun 1944
  • Broaden gov to include antifascist parties
44
Q

As a result, who was removed and who were they replaced by?

A
  • Badoglio removed as head of gov
  • Replaced by antifascist liberal + former PM Ivanoe Bonomi
45
Q

What did Bonomi’s gov attempt to do and how did this fail?

A
  • Conscription of 100,000 men to form ITA army
  • Anger at actions in 1943 + state of war meant the order was largely resisted
46
Q

How many men from the Kingdom of South fought alongside the Allies and how does this emphasise the north-south divide?

A
  • 50,000
  • Different war time experiences between N and S
47
Q

What was evident to GER by 1944?

A

They were losing

48
Q

How did the majority of Italians live their lives?

A

Did not join RSI or partisans but tried to continue whilst waiting for Allies to arrive in N ITA

49
Q

What state was Mussolini in, when did he give his final speech, what did he say and what were the crowds like?

A
  • Verge of physical collapse
  • 16 Dec 1944 –> Blamed King + conservative elite for defeat
  • Enormous cheering crowds
50
Q

What had happened by Apr 1945, how did Mussolini respond to this and why?

A
  • Allies beginning to capture major areas of N ITA
  • Mussolini left Gargano + established capital in Milan
  • Hoped the move might bring him closer to those who may be able to guarantee his safety
51
Q

What happened on 25 April?

A
  • Met w/ partisan leaders to negotiate surrender if he was allowed to retreat further north w/ 3000 loyal blackshirts
  • Ended talks after discovering Germans were already negotiating surrender w/ Allies w/out informing him
52
Q

How did Mussolini try to escape and what happened to them?

A
  • Tried to escape towards Switzerland w/ evacuating GER soldiers + mistress
  • 27 Apr 1945 –> Partisans stopped his convoy travelling into town of Dongo
  • Following day –> Executed in small town near Lake Como by machine gun, further 12 fascists executed in Dongo
  • Bodies publicly displayed at Piazzale Loretto, where huge crowds attacked M’s body
53
Q

What event led to GER signing surrender documents, when did this happen and when was the ceasefire agreed?

A
  • Allies pushed north in ITA as Germans engaged in mass retreat
  • 29 Apr –> Surrender documents signed
  • 1 May –> Ceasefire
54
Q

What happened on the day organised for surrender in ITA?

A

News of Hitler’s suicide came through

55
Q

What were the negative effects of WW2 on ITA?

A
  • Economy and infrastructure wrecked
  • Lacked food + clean water
  • Nearly half a mil ITA lost lives in war (17,000 partisans + 13,000 RSI soldiers)
  • Severely divided ITA
56
Q

Which political grps was the foundations of New ITA based on and how was this problematic?

A
  • Communists, Socialists, Christian Democrats
  • All fought against RSI
  • Those who fought w/ RSI or didn’t support partisans were excluded
  • Ignored south, who did not experience the fighting that predominately occurred in North
57
Q

When and how was this north south divide demonstrated?

A
  • 2 Jun 1946
  • Italians voted for Constituent Assembly to draw up new constitution + referendum to decide whether ITA should be a republic
58
Q

Why was the king now extremely unpopular and as a result, what did he do?

A
  • Inadequate action after Mussolini was removed from power + support for Mussolini since 1922
  • Abdicated in favour of son, Umberto II
59
Q

Why was this move by the King useless?

A
  • People voted for end to monarchy + establishment of republic
  • 12.7 to 10.7 mil votes
60
Q

Give one stat that shows the north-south divide in these elections:

A
  • Nearly every area in N voted for republic
  • Every province in S voted to retain monarchy
61
Q

Give results of Constituent Assembly vote:

A
  • Christian Democrats: 207/556 seats
  • PSI: 114
  • PCI: 104
62
Q

What did the new constitution extablish?

A
  • Liberal democracy
  • Guaranteed civil and political freedom
  • Monarchy replaced by head of state
  • Law is under independent judiciary system
  • Inclusion of Lateran Pacts
63
Q

What happened in 1947 that ruined the unity of ITA gov up until this point?

A
  • Christian Democrats under Alcide De Gaspari announced new gov w/out PCI under Palmiro Togliatti
  • Broke antifascist front that had existed since 1944
64
Q

What stats show the lasting presence of fascism in ITA?

A
  • As late as 1960 –> Prefects, police chiefs + deputies were same people who had worked for fascist gov
  • 1 Sep 1957 –> Massive crowds watched Mussolini’s burial

The Rise And Fall Of Fascism In Italy c1911 - 46 (15 decks)

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