Foreign policy/ marriage alliances

Question 1

What were Henry’s 4 aims in his foreign policy ?

Answer 1

1) Improving trade
2) securing the Tudor dynasty
3) National security
4) marriage alliances

Question 2

When was the French invasion of Brittany ?

Answer 2

1487

Question 3

What was Henry’s first response to the French invasion of Brittany ?

Answer 3

in 1489, He summoned Parliament to request extraordinary revenue to pay for an army to land in Brittany against the French.

Question 4

Give two reasons why Henry intervened in the conflict in Brittany with France.

Answer 4

1) He felt loyalty to Bretons due to being in exile there
2) He feared the control of France over areas of Europe, a threat that could eventually reach England

Question 5

When were the Bretons defeated in battle by the French after the French invasion in 1487 ?

Answer 5

July 1488

Question 6

What treaty was signed between Henry and Brittany in 1489 ?

Answer 6

The Treaty of Redon

Question 7

What was the Treaty of Redon ?

Answer 7

This was where Henry agreed to give 6000 troops to aid Brittany in the conflict between France and, in return, Anne of Brittany would reimburse his expenses, surrender 2 towns as security and make no peace, truce or marriage alliance with France, without Henry consent.

Question 8

How was Henry’s Treaty of Redon and his prior intervention in brittany a failure ?

Answer 8

This is because, by December 1491, Anne of Brittany gave in and married Charles VIII of France marking the end of independence for Brittany.

Question 9

How did Henry react to Anne of Brittany giving in on December 1491 and marrying Charles VIII of France (What action did he take) ?

Answer 9

October 1492 - A large force of 26,000 men crossed the channel and besieged the French town of Boulogne.

Question 10

How was Henry’s French invasion of Boulogne in October 1492 with a force of 26,000 men a partial success ?

Answer 10

This is because, 9 days after Henry set foot on French soil in Boulogne, Charles VIII of France offered peace and the Treaty of Etaples was agreed in November 1492.

However, Brittany’s independence was lost forever, and the whole of the Southern side of the Channel, apart from Calais, was in French control.

Question 11

What 3 things were included in the Treaty of Etaples of November 1492 ?

Answer 11

1) Charles VIII of France to withdraw support of Perkin Warbeck

2) pay a pension to Henry

4) reduced trade restrictions

Question 12

How much was Henry’s pension that was paid by France agreed in the Treaty of Etaples of November 1492 ?

Answer 12

50,000 crowns a year to keep English soldiers off French soil

Question 13

How much of Henry’s annual income did the French pension included in the Treaty of Etaples make up ?

Answer 13

approximately 5%

Question 14

When was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo signed ?

Answer 14

1489

Question 15

What 3 things were agreed by Spain and England in the Medina Del Campo of 1489 ?

Answer 15

1) equal trading rights for merchants of both countries

2) Marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and the Spanish Princess, Catherine of Aragon

3) A promise to not make deals with France without consulting each other first

Question 16

Give 2 issues relating to the implementation of the Treaty of Medina Del Campo for the royal marriage.

Answer 16

1) King Ferdinand of Aragon was reluctant to allow the marriage to go ahead while Henry was still trying to deal with the issue of Perkin Warbeck.

2) The two monarchs argued over the size of Catherine of Aragon’s dowry

Question 17

When did Isabella of Castile die ?

Answer 17

in 1504

Question 18

Who did Isabella of Castille leave Spain to after her death ?

Answer 18

Her eldest daughter, Joanna

Question 19

What act was passed in 1494 by Spain that negatively affected English traders ?

Answer 19

A Navigation act

Question 20

Where did the majority of English trade exports come through under Henry ?

Answer 20

Went through ports in the Netherlands, namely Antwerp and Bruges.

Question 21

Why was it difficult for Henry to maintain peaceful relations with the Netherlands that he so desperately needed for trade ?

Answer 21

This is because, the sister of Edward IV and Richard III was Margaret of Burgundy, who would cause lots of problems for Henry.

Question 22

What one year agreement was put in place in 1487 with Burgundy that, benefited English trade ?

Answer 22

A one year agreement with burgundy for cloth trade.

Question 23

What action did Henry take in relation to trade after Margaret of Burgundy harboured Warbeck in 1493 ?

Answer 23

He made the decision to place a trade embargo on Burgundy.

Question 24

What trading port did English traders have to use for trade due to Henry placing a trade embargo on Burgundy in 1493 ?

Answer 24

Had to use a trading base in Calais, rather than Antwerp

Question 25

How did the Trade embargo on Burgundy from 1493 come to an end ?

Answer 25

With the agreement of the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 - English traders could trade again with Burgundy

Question 26

How did the agreement of the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 come about leading to the end of the trade embargo on Burgundy that had lasted since 1493 ?

Answer 26

This is because, Archduke philip of Burgundy withdrew support from Warbeck.

Question 27

Who was Isabella of Castile’s eldest daughter (who know had control of Spain) married to ?

Answer 27

Archduke, Philip of Burgundy

Question 28

What knew treaty came on top of the Intercursus Magnus that intended to deepen the trade relationship between the Netherlands and Burgundy ?

Answer 28

the Treaty of Windsor (1506)

Question 29

What terms were there in the Treaty of Windsor ? (3)

Answer 29

• The return of the Earl of Suffolk
• Henry’s recognition of Joanna and Philip as rulers of Castile
• The Intercursus Malus

Question 30

How was Henry able to negotiate the Treaty of Windsor in 1506 with Burgundy ?

Answer 30

This is because, when Philip of Burgundy and Joanna were on their way to Castile in 1506, they were forced by storms to land at Weymouth. Henry entertained them in England for three months and was able to negotiate the Treaty of Windsor with Philip of Burgundy.

Question 31

Why was the Intercursus Malus called what it was (‘Malus’) ?

Answer 31

This is because it was so favourable to English Merchants and not the Burgundians.

Question 32

What did he return of the Earl of Suffolk in the Treaty of Windsor do ?

Answer 32

Further secured Henry’s dynasty

Question 33

How was the Treaty of Windsor limited ?

Answer 33

This is because, the Intercursus Malus, that was intended to deepen trade relations with Burgundy and the Netherlands was never put in place

Question 34

What agreement was made in 1486 between England and France in terms of trading restrictions ?

Answer 34

A treaty was put in place removing the trading restrictions imposed before Henry came to the throne.

Question 35

What Did the English support of the Breton crisis in 1487 lead France to do in terms of trading relations with England ?

Answer 35

Led to France re-imposing trade restrictions that had previously been lifted in 1486.

Question 36

What did France do in 1495 in terms of trading relations with England ?

Answer 36

Removed trade restrictions against trade in return for English neutrality in the Italian Wars.

Question 37

What was the Breton crisis ?

Answer 37

This was where France took control of Brittany, which was against Henry’s wishes.

Question 38

What was the ‘Auld alliance’ ?

Answer 38

an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France against England made in 1295

Question 39

Who was the Treaty of Ayton between ?

Answer 39

England and France

Question 40

When was the Treaty of Ayton put in place ?

Answer 40

1497

Question 41

How can the Treaty of Ayton be seen as successful ?

Answer 41

This is because it was a seven year peace deal between England and Scotland.

Question 42

What was the Treaty of Perpetual peace ?

Answer 42

Between England and France ending the hostilities between England and Scotland.

Question 43

What did the Treaty of Perpetual peace include ?

Answer 43

The marriage of Margaret to James IV of Scotland

Question 44

When was the Treaty of Perpetual peace agreed ?

Answer 44

1502

Question 45

How can the Treaty of Perpetual peace be seen as a partial failure ?

Answer 45

This is because it was voided in 1513 due to the Battle of Flodden.

Question 46

Give one example of Tension between Henry and the Hanseatic league in 1489.

Answer 46

There was a prohibition of exportation of Hansa’s gold and silver in bulk.

Question 47

Why was the Treaty of Ayton so significant for Anglo-Scottish relations ?

Answer 47

This is because there had been no worthwhile treaty between England and Scotland since 1328.

Question 48

When did Catherine of Aragon arrive in England in preparation for her marriage to Prince Arthur ?

Answer 48

October 1501

Question 49

When Catherine of Aragon arrived in England in October 1501 in preparation for her marriage to Prince Arthur, how big was her dowry ?

Answer 49

100,000 crowns

Question 50

When did Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon marry ?

Answer 50

14th November 1501

Question 51

Where did Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur marry one another ?

Answer 51

At St. Paul’s Cathedral on the 14th November 1501

Question 52

What did the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to Prince Arthur on the 14th November 1501 coincide with ?

Answer 52

with the marriage of Catherine’s sister, Joanna, to Philip of Burgundy - This united the states of Spain and Burgundy together giving Henry the possibility of another ally if needed.

Question 53

Why was the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur short-lived ?

Answer 53

This is because of Arthur’s sudden death in Ludlow in April 1502

Question 54

What new marriage arrangement came about from the sudden death of Prince Arthur in April 1502 that brought an end to his marriage with Catherine of Aragon ?

Answer 54

Within 5 weeks of his death, Ferdinand and Isabella were seeking a new marriage for Catherine of Aragon and Prince Henry.

Question 55

When was a formal agreement made for the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Prince Henry ?

Answer 55

in September 1502

Question 56

When did the papal dispensation arrive for the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon ?

Answer 56

1504

Question 57

Why did the marriage between prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon require a papal dispensation ?

Answer 57

Because Catherine of Aragon had been married to Prince Henry’s older brother, Prince Arthur.

Question 58

When did the actual marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon take place ?

Answer 58

When Henry came to the throne in 1509 at the age of 17 years old.

Question 59

What marriage alliance finally formalised the Treaty of Ayton of 1497 into the full Treaty of Perpetual peace ?

Answer 59

The marriage between Henry’s daughter, Margaret and James IV of Scotland

Question 60

When did the marriage between Margaret and James IV of Scotland take place ?

Answer 60

August 1503

Question 61

When did Henry VII’s wife, Elizabeth of York die ?

Answer 61

1503

Question 62

When and why did Henry VII himself begin to consider the possibility of taking a second wife ?

Answer 62

1503 - Due to the death of Elizabeth of York, a second wife could have bore him more heirs.

Question 63

Give 3 of Henry VII’s marriage considerations towards the end of his reign.

Answer 63

1) Queen Joanna of Naples

2) Margaret of Savoy

3) Joanna of Castile & Burgundy

Question 64

How long did the marriage alliance between Prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon last for ?

Answer 64

1509 - 1533