economic developments

Question 1

How large was the population of England at the beginning of the 15th century ?

Answer 1

2.2 million

Question 2

How large was London’s population at the beginning of the 15th century ?

Answer 2

50,000

Question 3

How much of the value of English exports did the cloth trade account for ?

Answer 3

90%

Question 4

During Henry VII, what was the estimated increase in the volume of cloth exports ?

Answer 4

60%

Question 5

When were the merchant adventurers founded ?

Answer 5

1407

Question 6

What were the merchant adventurers ?

Answer 6

one of the wealthiest and most influential companies in London

Question 7

What industry/ trade did the Merchant adventurers come to dominate ?

Answer 7

the London cloth trade

Question 8

Most people in England were _____ dwellers

Answer 8

urban

Question 9

Henry traded largely with the _______ ___________ in Wool and cloth

Answer 9

The Burgundian Netherlands

Question 10

When was Henry’s first navigation act ?

Answer 10

1485

Question 11

What did Henry’s first navigation act of 1485 aim to do ?

Answer 11

to promote trade and break the monopoly by the hanseatic league.

Question 12

What was the hanseatic league ?

Answer 12

A group of German states who had a tight hold over European trade

Question 13

What did Henry do in 1489 to further encourage trade and break the monopoly of the Hanseatic league (to do with Portugal)

Answer 13

Henry renewed an earlier treaty with Portugal to encourage trade

Question 14

When did Henry introduce a treaty with Florence ?

Answer 14

1490

Question 15

What did Henry’s treaty with Florence in 1490 do ?

Answer 15

Florence, which was one of Venice’s trading rivals, was now able to market English wool in Florence controlled Pisa.

Question 16

In 1492, what import duty did Henry introduce ?

Answer 16

He introduced an import duty on wine brought to England on Venetian (venice) ships.

Question 17

A the beginning of Henry’s reign, What happened to the export of raw wool ?

Answer 17

The export of raw wool was halved and overtaken by woollen cloth.

Question 18

What processes involved in the production of woollen cloth took place in the home ?

Answer 18

carding, spinning and weaving

Question 19

What processes involved in the production of woollen cloth took place in factories as commercial processes ?

Answer 19

fulling and dyeing

Question 20

Who organised and financed the operation of fulling and dyeing as a commercial process in order to produce woollen cloth ?

Answer 20

clothiers

Question 21

What were the 3 main districts in England for woollen cloth ?

Answer 21

1) Yorkshire

2) East Anglia

3) The West Country

Question 22

What small towns within 2 of the main 3 districts for the production of woollen cloth grew to be very prosperous due to the increase in its export.

Answer 22

1) Lavenham in Suffolk (East Anglia)

2) Totnes in Devon (The West Country)

Question 23

What links did the Merchant adventurers have that meant English cloth could be transported all over Europe ?

Answer 23

With Antwerp

Question 24

How did Henry use the navy to help the Merchant adventurers with trade ?

Answer 24

In times of Peace, he would let the merchant adventurers rent ships from his navy

Question 25

Other than woollen cloth, what 2 other industries were being exported at the time of Henry’s reign ?

Answer 25

Metal and Coal

Question 26

Give one of the 3 mains areas of lead mining in Britain at the time of Henry’s reign

Answer 26

1) pennines

2) north and central wales

3) Mendips

Question 27

Give one of the 2 main areas of Tin Mining in Britain at the time of Henry’s reign

Answer 27

1) Cornwall

2) Devon

Question 28

What new metal emerged in the industry at the time of Henry’s reign ?

Answer 28

Brass

Question 29

Where did the different components needed to produce brass come from ?

Answer 29

copper in cumberland, zinc in the Mendips and metallurgical skills brought from Germany.

(Exchange of technological knowledge and expertise with Europe was not uncommon)

Question 30

Where was coal mainly mined ?

Answer 30

Durham and Northumberland (North East England) (since the 13th century)

Question 31

Why, in Henry’s reign, was there the belief that the output of coal mining was beginning to accelerate ?

Answer 31

Because, in areas where there was no timber, it was cheaper to transport coal by water than to bring in wood from other areas.

Question 32

Where was coal shipped from after it had been made in North East England ?

Answer 32

Newcastle

Question 33

Where did the coal shipped from Newcastle travel to ? (2)

Answer 33

1) London - to meet the growing demand for domestic and industrial fuel

2) Germany & the Netherlands - made up a small part of the export trade

Question 34

By 1500, how much of England’s population was employed in the cloth industry ?

Answer 34

around 1.3%

Question 35

How was exploration a key part of the Tudor legacy ?

Answer 35

During Henry VII’s reign, exploration was increased. Not only this, but under Elizabeth I, new colonies in America were founded.

Question 36

Give 2 examples of adventurers Henry patronised (gave patronage) to in order to increase exploration.

Answer 36

1) John Cabot

2) Sebastian Cabot

Question 37

Give one success of John Cabot

Answer 37

1497 - John Cabot discovered NewFoundland

Question 38

What system was most of farming and agriculture based on under Henry VII ?

Answer 38

open field husbandry

Question 39

What was open field husbandry ?

Answer 39

Strips of land within a field and tenants could use these strips for animal or crop farming.

Question 40

What was the main problem that Henry faced in farming/ agriculture ?

Answer 40

enclosure

Question 41

What was enclosure ?

Answer 41

Where land was fenced off which ended the common rights of the land

Question 42

Why was there a move towards sheep farming under Henry VII’s reign and at the beginning of the 15th century ?

Answer 42

This is because there was an increase in the profitability of sheep as the woollen cloth trade boomed.

Question 43

Give two ways in which Henry tried to deal with the issue of enclosure.

Answer 43

1) 1489 - Henry’s Parliament passed the first legislation against enclosure

2) 1489 - a law was passed forbidding the destruction of houses attached to 20 or more acres of land. The law also criticised the conversion of lands from arable to pasture.

Question 44

Give 3 advantages of enclosure in farming.

Answer 44

1) benefited areas more suited to sheep farming rather than arable crops

2) land partitioned into properly fenced off fields rather than open field husbandry

3) enabled selective breeding

Question 45

Give 3 disadvantages of enclosure in farming.

Answer 45

1) eviction of families

2) loss of rights to use common land

3) led to vagabondage

Question 46

Give one failure of Sebastian Cabot (son of John Cabot) in exploration.

Answer 46

1508 - led an unsuccessful attempt at Asia