foreign policy Flashcards
1509-14
Aims
-Henry is enthusiastic to win military glory
-Make England a major player in international affairs
-Believed he had a right to the French crown
When was the treaty of etaples renewed? + what is it?
-1510 by his councillors who sought the continuation of peace.
-Was an attempt to ease relations with france
what did henry enter in 1510
-An alliance known as the Holy League with Spain, HRE + papacy against france
What did Henry do in 1512?
Sent 10,000 soldiers south-west France but Ferdinand of Spain failed to support the English who were defeated at Gascony.
-This was used as a diversionary tactic so Ferdinand could conquer Navarre.
What did Henry do in 1513?
He led a force northeastern of france.
-Was successful in winning the battle of spurs
-Captured towns Tournai + Therouanne
Battle of Flodden
1513
-James IV had crossed the english border w a small force.
-Was defeated by Earl of Surrey + small english army, james killed + much of scottish noblility.
-Throne left to infant James V, Henry did little to build on the advantage flodden gave him
Consequences of his military adventures in 1513
-War= costly, hviii had to liquidate assets inherited by his father to pay for it
-There were rumblings about the the taxation in Yorkshire–> failed to turn into full scale revolt.
-Renegotiated french pension was lost
-Tounai sold back to france for much less than england paid for.
1514-1526 (Wolsey)
-Henry’s FP remained inconsistent.
Basis of foreign policy:
-England remained a minor power, couldn’t compete w major ones like france + spain
-Henry overestimated englands power: Wolsey framed FP on that assumption
-Auld alliance between France + Scotland = strong = threat to henry
-Clashes between england + france= increase tensions
What happened in 1514?
-He sought peace w france so he arranged the marriage of his sister mary + Louis XII
1515
-Louis XII dies
-Francis I becomes king of France
-Henry sees him as a personal + political rival.
1516-17
- Henry sought an alliance with Ferdinand who died in 1516
- Ferdinand’s successor Charles V wanted an alliance w France
- 1517- Charles and his grandfather emperor Maximillian agreed on the treaty of Cambrai w/ France
- England dangerously isolated
Treaty of Noyon
1516
established peace between Spain + France
Treaty of Cambrai
1517
established peace between HRE + France
Anglo-Scottish relations
-Due to England’s isolation it allowed Francis I to undermine anglo-scottish relations
-He was able to do this as the heir presumptive Duke of Albany was a French noble
-Henry + Wolsey saw Albany as a French agent
Treaty of London
1518
Wolsey ended England’s isolation, a non-aggression pact agreed by France, Spain + HRE, agreed to protect each other if they are under attack
Peaceful relations between france + england
England agreed to return to Tournai + France would pay England a compensation
France agreed to keep Albany out of Scot= ensured more peaceable relations on the Anglo-Scottish border.
Field of the Cloth of Gold
1520
A meeting between Henry + Francis I.
Attraction was lost by HVIII as he lost in a battle against Francis I
Nothing achieved as conflict arose between Francis I + Charles V
Most extravagant + diplomatic encounter
Treaty of Bruges
1521
Wolsey negotiated this treaty w Charles
Was a secret alliance treaty between England + Spain
1522-23
English armies invaded northern France
Parliament were reluctant to grant the extraordinary revenue necessary to cover the costs
Battle of Pavia
1525
Henry attempted to benefit off of the emperors defeat of the French: suggested to Charles they should launch a joint invasion of northern France to achieve territorial gains
-Recurring conflict of the Italian wars, as the main powers e.g. France, Spain, HRE saw Italy as their strategic focus
Francis I captured by charles
League of Cognac
Put together by the pope in 1525 to counterbalance the excessive power of the emperor in northern Italy
1527-1540
-His focus was his marriage to Anne Boleyn and divorce to CoA
Treaty of Amiens
1527
-Anti-imperial (HRE) alliance with the French after the sack of Rome
-Wolsey pressured HRE with a trade embargo against lands in burgundy but had to back down due to problems in England
Why did HVIII struggle with his marital problems?
-Due to the HRE’s dominance over the pope after the treaty of cambrai and sacking of rome
-Charles V (Holy Roman emperor) was CoA’s nephew
1533
-Henry breaks away from Rome
-Tries to make peace with the League of Schmalkalden
Treaty of Nice
1538
-A 10 year declaration of truce between France + the HRE
What does Pope Paul III do?
1539
-Tries to rouse support for a catholic crusade against Henry
-Tells English Catholics that they don’t need to abide by the king
-Henry seeks an alliance with the league of Schmalkalden
1539
-Henry marries Anne of Cleves
-Seeks an alliance with the league of Schmalkalden after the pope tries to rouse support for a crusade
Ireland
-Earl of Kildare was the most dominant Irish noble and ruled over Ireland on Henry’s behalf–> dismissed in 1534 after his relations with henry broke down
-Led to a major rebellion started by his son, Thomas Fitzgerald- attempted to bring Ireland under the English control, which was both difficult and expensive to suppress.
1539- Invasion of Pale by two irish nobles
1541-Ireland established as a kingdom + henry becomes the king of ireland
1540-47
-Return of the aggressive foreign policy
