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DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy > Forebrain: Telencephalon / Cerebral Hemispheres   > Flashcards

Forebrain: Telencephalon / Cerebral Hemispheres   Flashcards

1
Q

What lobe?

Emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior,personality, and voluntary movement.

A

Frontal Lobe

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2
Q

What lobe?

Sensation and spatial relationships

A

Parietal Lobe

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3
Q

What lobe?

Visual processing

A

Occipital Lobe

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4
Q

What lobe?
Hearing, memory and learning

A

Temporal Lobe

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5
Q

Localized function of the cerebral cortex

Primary sensory cortex discriminates among?

A

Primary sensory cortex discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information.

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6
Q

Localized function of the cerebral cortex

Secondary sensory cortex performs?

A
  • Secondary sensory cortex performs more complex analysis of sensation.
  • Secondary sensory areas analyze sensory input from the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex
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7
Q

Localized function of the cerebral cortex

Primary motor cortex provides?

A

Primary motor cortex provides descending control of motor output.

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8
Q

Localized function of the cerebral cortex

Motor planning areas organize?

A

Motor planning areas organize movements?

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9
Q

Localized function of the cerebral cortex

Association cortex:
controls?
interprets?
processes?

A

Association cortex controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories.

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10
Q

Primary visual cortex distinguishes between?

A

Primary visual cortex (18-21)

  • Distinguishes between light, dark, various shapes, location of objects, and movement of objects.

Pathway from retina to lateral geniculate body of thalamus and then to primary visual cortex.

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11
Q

Primary sensory area

Primary sensory areas receive information directly from?

A

Primary sensory areas receive information directly from the ventral tier of the lateral group of thalamus.

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12
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex located within?

What does it do?

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex located within central sulcus and on adjacent postcentral gyrus.
  • Location of stimuli and discriminate among various sizes, shapes and textures of objects.
  • Tactile and proprioception, DCML; three neuron pathway.
  • Identify location of stimuli
  • Discriminates among size, shape and texture of objects.
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13
Q

Primary auditory cortex is located in?

What does it do?

A
  • Primary auditory cortex is located in the lateral fissure and on adjacent superior temporal gyrus.
  • Conscious awareness of the intensity of sound.
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14
Q

Primary visual cortex is located in?

What does it do?

A
  • Primary visual cortex is located in calcarine sulcus and on the adjacent gyrus.
  • Light / dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object
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15
Q

Primary auditory cortex’s job?

A

Primary auditory cortex = conscious awareness of intensity of sound.

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16
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Primary somatosensory (discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects)
  • What number = 3-1-2
  • Lesion results in = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.

Primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

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17
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Primary visual (Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects).
  • What number = 17
  • Lesion results in = Homonymous hemianopia = Visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes

Primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

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18
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Primary Vestibular (Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical).
  • What number = 40
  • Lesion results in = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.

Primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

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19
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Primary Auditory
  • What number = 41
  • Lesion results in = Loss of conscious localization of sound.

Primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

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20
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Secondary Somatosensory (Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial envirnment)
  • What number = 5,7
  • Lesion results in = Astereognosis (Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intactdiscriminativesomatosensation).

Secondary sensory areas

Stereognosis = the mental perception of depth or three-dimensionality by the senses, usually in reference to the ability to perceive the form of solid objects by touch.

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21
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Secondary Visual (Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation)
  • What number = 18-21
  • Lesion results in =
  • Visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision)
    or
  • Optic ataxia (inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength).

Secondary sensory areas

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22
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Secondary Auditory (Classification of sounds)
  • What number = 22,42
  • Lesion results in = Auditory agnosia (unable to differentiate and recognize sounds).

Secondary sensory areas

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23
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Primary motor cortex (voluntary controlled movements).
  • What number = 4
  • Lesion results in = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria.

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

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24
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Premotor Area (Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments).
  • What number = lateral 6
  • Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

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25
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Supplementary motor area (Initation of movement orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements).
  • What number = Superomedial 6
  • Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
26
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Lesion results in?
A
  • What cortical area = Broca’s Area (Motor programming of speech, usually left hemisphere)
  • What number = 44, part of 45
  • Lesion results in = Broca’s aphasia (usually left hemisphere)
  • Inferior frontal gyrus (usually right hemisphere) = Planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere).
  • Lesion = Difficulty producing nonverbal communication.

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

27
Q

Apraxia

A
  • Apraxia can be considered “motor agnosia”; the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost
  • The person is unable to perform a purposeful movement, despite intact sensation, normal muscle strength and coordination, and an understanding of the task.
  • Occurs as a result of damage to the premotor or supplementary motor areas or the inferior parietal lobe.

Motor areas of cerebral cortex

28
Q

Ideomotor apraxia
vs.
Ideational apraxia

A
  • Ideomotor apraxia: patient is able to carry out habitual tasks automatically and describe how it is done but is unable to perform on command
  • Ideational apraxia: it is the inability to perform purposeful motor act, either automatically or on command, unable to describe how the task is performed
29
Q

Constructional apraxia

A
  • Constructional apraxia: Inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to whole.
  • Deficit impairs the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space.
30
Q

Dysarthria?

A
  • Dysarthria is a speech disorder that is characterized by poor articulation, respiration, and/or phonation”.
  • Speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking.
  • Difficulty involves the mechanics of producing sound accurately, not grammar or finding words.
  • Lesion of primary motor cortex.
31
Q

Motor perseveration

A
  • Motor perseveration: uncontrollable repetition of a movement.
  • Example: continue to lock and unlock the brakes of a wheelchair despite intending to lock it

Motor planning area disorders

32
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • Broca’s aphasia: difficulty expressing oneself using language.
  • Impaired in both speaking and writing
  • Occurs with damage to the Broca’s area (left hemisphere)
  • Lesion affecting the inferior frontal gyrus on right side interfere with nonverbal communication

Motor planning area disorders

33
Q

Association areas of cerebral cortex

  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Function?
A
  • What cortical area = Medial dorsal pre-frontal association
  • What number = medial 8 and 9; 10
  • Function = emotion, motivation, personality
34
Q

Association areas of cerebral cortex

  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Function?
A
  • What cortical area = ventral prefrontal association
  • What number = 11, 44, 45, 47
  • Function = Emotion, motivation, personality
35
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Function?
A
  • What cortical area = Parietotempotal Association
  • What number = 39, 40, parts of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37
  • Function = Sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and spacial relationships.
36
Q
  • What cortical area?
  • What number?
  • Function?
A
  • What cortical area = Dorsolateral prefrontal association
  • What number = lateral 8 and 9; 46
  • Function = Goal-oriented behavior, self-awareness
37
Q

Damage to Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex causes?

A
  • Damage to this area causes inability to set goals, plan, execute a plans, and monitoring the execution of a plan.
  • People with prefrontal lesions function poorly in daily life because they lack goal orientation and behavioral flexibility; their behavior misinterpreted as uncooperative.
38
Q

Ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex are involved in?

A
  • Involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings.
  • Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex involved in emotions, motivation (One’s emotions and other’s emotions).
  • Lesion: lack of apathy and lack of emotions and insight; lack of understanding others emotions, belief and intentions
39
Q

Flow of information from primary sensory cortex to motor output.

A
  1. Primary sensory cortex = simple sensory discrimination (intensity, quality)
  2. Secondary sensory cortex = recognition of sensation
  3. Association cortex =
    (a) goal selection, planning, monitoring
    (b) interpretation of sensation
    (c) emotions, memory processing
  4. Motor planning area = movement composition, sequencing
  5. Primary motor cortex = cortical motor input
40
Q

Parietotemporal association cortex involved in?

Damage to left vs. right?

A
  • Parietotemporal association cortex: Problem-solving and comprehension of communication and of spatial relationships occur here.
  • Spatial coordination system of this area is essential for constructing an image of one’s own body and for planning movements.
  • Damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia.
  • Damage to the same area in the RIGHT hemisphere causes deficits in comprehending space and understanding nonverbal communication.
41
Q

Comprehension of language occurrs in?

A

Comprehension of language occurs in the Wernicke’s area, subregion of left temporoparietal cortex located at the temporoparietal junction

42
Q

Flow of information during conversation.

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex = Auditory discrimination
  2. Secondary auditory cortex = Classification of sounds (language vs. other sounds)
  3. Wernicke’s area = Auditory comprehension, vocabulary
  4. Subcortical connections = Link between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s areas
  5. Broca’s area = Instructions for language output
  6. Oral / Throat region of sensorimotor cortex = Cortical output to speech muscles
43
Q

Language disorders

Aphasia
vs.
Alexia
vs.
Agraphia:

A
  • Aphasia: Affects spoken language
  • Alexia: impairment in reading ability
  • Agraphia: impairment in writing ability
  • **Broca’s ** (nonfluent / motor / expressive): Is difficulty expressing oneself using language
  • Wernicke’s (sensory / receptive / fluent): Language comprehension is impaired
44
Q

Lesion to #1

A

Lesion to #1 = Contralateral hemiplegia; loss of fractionation; spastic dysarthria

45
Q

Lesion to #2

A

Lesion to #2 = Difficulty with anti-phase hand movements, perseveration.

46
Q

Lesion to #3

A

Lesion to #3 = Apraxia, perseveration

47
Q

Lesion to #4

A

Lesion to #4 = Broca’s aphasia

48
Q

Lesion to #5

A

Lesion to #5 = Lack of emotions and understanding of other people; inactivity; bilateral lesions cause severe apathy with loss of anxiety and self-consciouness.

49
Q

Lesion to #6

A

Lesion to #6 = Loss of goal-directed behavior, divergent thinking, and conscientiousness

50
Q

Lesion to #7

A

Lesion to #7 = Disinhibited social behavior, poor real-life decisions; impulsiveness, changes in extroversion/interoversion.

51
Q

Lesion to #8

A

Lesion to #8 = Impaired declarative memory

52
Q

Lesion to #9

A

Lesion to #9 = Contrlateral loss of tactile location and conscious proprioception.

53
Q

Lesion to #10

A

Lesion to #10 = Astereognosis; apraxia

54
Q

Lesion to #11

A

Lesion to #11 = Impaired sound location

55
Q

Lesion to #12

A

Lesion to #12 = Auditory agnosia

56
Q

Lesion to #13

A

Lesion to #13 = Spatial neglect; inability to navigate; personal neglect

57
Q

Lesion to #14

A

Lesion to #14 = Impaired compassion, cooperation, politeness (bilateral lesions)

Impaired language comprehension (usually left side)

Impaired nonverbal communication; neglect, anosognosia (usually right side lesion).

58
Q

Lesion to #15

A

Lesion to #15 = Impaired language comprehension

59
Q

Lesion to #16

A

Lesion to #16 = Inability to recognize faces, bodies, words

60
Q

Lesion to #17

A

Lesion to #17 = Optic ataxia

61
Q

Lesion to #18

A

Lesion to #18 = Homonymous hemianopia

62
Q

Lesion to #19

A

Lesion to #19 = visial agnosia

DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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