Forebrain: Diencephalon Flashcards
Forebrain: Diencephalon
__?__ = is in the center of the cerebrum, superior to brainstem and entirely enveloped by the cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
- Includes all structures with the term thalamus in their names
- Thalamus is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon
Forebrain: Diencephalon
__?__ = structure inferior and anterior to thalamus
Hypothalamus
Regulate homeostasis, is essential for individual and species survival because it integrates behaviors with visceral functions.
Functions orchestrated by the hypothalamus include:
- Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
- Satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating
- Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
- Effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure
- Regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
Forebrain: Diencephalon
__?__ = structure posterior to thalamus
Epithalamus
Forebrain: Diencephalon
__?__ = structure inferior to thalamus
Hint = coronal section
Subthalamus
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Is a large egg-shaped, collection of nuclei above the brainstem (bilaterally) = ?
Thalamus
- Regulates the flow of information, relay station
- Receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Thalamus regulates ?.
Thalamus regulates the flow of information, and acts as relay station.
- Receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Thalamus receives information from ?
- Thalamus receives information from basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems except olfactory.
- It processes the information, relays the selected information to the specific areas of the cerebral cortex.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Anatomically, thalamus can be divided into three major groups = ?
1. Anterior
2. Medial
3. Lateral(Ventral and Dorsal tiers)
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Sensory pathway for touch and proprioception = ?
- Dorsal column / Medial lemniscus pathway (DCML; for touch and proprioception).
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Sensory pathway for pain = ?
- Spinothalamic pathway (pain)
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Individual thalamic nuclei are classified into three main functional groups = ?
- Relay nuclei = convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
- Association nuclei = nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.
- Nonspecific nuclei = nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Relay nuclei convey information from __ ? to __?.
functional group
- Relay nuclei convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
- All relay nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.
- Relay nuclei receive specific information and serve as a relay stations by sending information directly to the localized area of the cerebral cortex.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
All _ ? _ nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.
All relay nuclei are found in the ventral tier of the lateral group.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Association nuclei process _ ? _ .
- Association nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Association nuclei are found in ?
Association nuclei are found in the:
- anterior thalamus
- medial thalamus, and
- dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Nonspecific nuclei regulate ?
Nonspecific nuclei regulate:
- consciousness
- arousal, and
- attention
Non specific nuclei receive multiple types of input and project to widespread areas of cortex; this includes reticular, midline and intralaminar nuclei.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What major group?
pink
Lateral group
Relay nuclei ( Red = motor / Dark Blue = Sensory)
- VA, ventral anterior
- VL, ventral lateral
- VPL, ventral posterolateral
- VPM, ventral posteromedial
- MG, medial geniculate
- LG, lateral geniculate
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What major group?
pink
Anterior Group
AN, Anterior nucleus
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What major group?
pink
Medial Group
MD, mediodorsal
MNG, Midline nuclear group
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?
purple
Relay nuclei convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex.
- VA, ventral anterior = motor
- VL, ventral lateral = motor
- VPL, ventral posterolateral = sensory
- VPM, ventral posteromedial = sensory
- MG, medial geniculate = sensory
- LG, lateral geniculate = sensory
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?
purple
Association nuclei process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation.
Association nuclei are found in the anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus.
- AN, Anterior nucleus = limbic
- LD, Lateral dorsal = limbic
- MD, Mediodorsal = limbic
- LP, Lateral posterior = sensory integration
- P, Pulvinar = sensory integration
Forebrain: Diencephalon
What individual thalamic nuclei functional group?
purple
Nonspecific nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention
Non specific nuclei receive multiple types of input and project to widespread areas of cortex; this includes reticular, midline and intralaminar nuclei
- M, Midline
- MNG, Midline nuclear Group
- I, Intralaminar
- R, Reticular
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Anterior nucleus
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Lateral Dorsal
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Lateral Posterior
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Ventral Anterior
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Ventral Lateral
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Mediodorsal
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Ventral Posterolateral
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Ventral Posteromedial
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Midline Nuclear Group
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Lateral Geniculate
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Medial Geniculate
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Midline
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Reticular
Forebrain: Diencephalon
- Nuclei = ?
- Function = ?
- Afferents = ?
- Efferents = ?
brown
Intralaminar
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Functions orchestrated by the hypothalamus include = ?
- Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
- Satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating
- Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
- Effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure
- Regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
Forebrain: Diencephalon
? = connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland
- Pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland
- By regulating the secretion of pituitary gland (anterior and posterior pituitary) the hypothalamus controls metabolism, response to stress, and urine production
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis) hormones:
- = ?
- = ?
- Oxytocin = Elicits milk expulsion in lactating females. Uterus contraction, causing labor and delivery.
- ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) = Increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys and preventing excretion of large amounts of urine
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Anterior pituitary hormones:
- = ?
- = ?
- = ?
- = ?
- = ?
- = ?
- FSH and LH = Synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
- GH = Overall growth
- Prolactin = Stimulates milk production.
- ACTH = Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones.
- TSH = Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH )
Taget action = ?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH ) = Simulates production of thyroid stiulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin.
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Taget action = ?
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) = Stimulates production of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Taget action = ?
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) = Stimulates secretion of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Somatotropin-release inhibiting hormone (SIRF)
Taget action = ?
Somatotropin-release inhibiting hormone (SIRF) = Inhibits secretion of growth hormone
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Taget action = ?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) = Stimulates secretion of growth hormone
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Dopamine of prolactin - inhibiting hormone (PIF)
Taget action = ?
Dopamine of prolactin - inhibiting hormone (PIF) = Inhibits secretion of prolactin
Forebrain: Diencephalon
Major structure of the epithalamus = ?
- Major structure of the epithalamus is the pineal gland.
- Pineal gland is believed to help regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)
? is located superior to the substantia nigra of the midbrain and is involved in regulating movement.
Subthalamus
