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DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia

Basal ganglia are = ?

A

Basal ganglia are group of interconnected subcortical nuclei which lie deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere.

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2
Q

Basal Ganglia

Caudate: located in = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Caudate: located in the cerebrum
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3
Q

Basal Ganglia

Putamen: located in = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Putamen: located in the cerebrum
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4
Q

Basal Ganglia

Caudate + Putamen = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Together they make = Striatum
  • Caudate: located in the cerebrum
  • Putamen: located in the cerebrum
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5
Q

Basal Ganglia

Globus pallidus: located in = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A

Globus pallidus: located in the cerebrum

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

Putamen + Globus pallidus = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A
  • Together they make Lentiform nucleus
  • Putamen: located in the cerebrum
  • Globus pallidus: located in the cerebrum
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7
Q

Basal Ganglia

Subthalamic nucleus: located = ?

Anatomical Orientation of Basal Ganglia

A

Subthalamic nucleus: located inferior to thalamus

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8
Q

Basal Ganglia

Substantia nigra: located within = ?

A

Substantia nigra: located within the midbrain

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9
Q

Basal Ganglia

Caudate and putamen (striatum), and subthalamic nuclei= _ ? _ nuclei

A

Input nuclei = Caudate and putamen (striatum), subthalamic nuclei.

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10
Q

Basal Ganglia

Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internus (GPi) = _ ? _ nuclei

A

Output nuclei = Substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internus (GPi)

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11
Q

Basal Ganglia

Functions of Basal Ganglia = ?

A

Motor functions

  • Initiation of movement
  • Suppression of unwanted movements

Non- motor functions

  • Decision making, judgment, prioritizing information, emotional processing and responses, learning, eye movements, selecting desired behavior, preventing undesired behavior
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12
Q

Basal Ganglia

Five cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loops are ?

Basal Ganglia Circuitry

A

Three cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits: non motor functions
1. Goal directed behavior
2. Social behavior loop
3. Emotion loop

  1. Motor loop (direct pathway and indirect pathway)
  2. Oculomotor loop

All loops: cortex - basal ganglia - thalamus - cortex

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13
Q

Basal Ganglia

What loop?

A

Goal Directed Behavior Loop

  • Goal directed behavior- evaluating information for making decisions, planning and choosing actions
  • Head of caudate = Part of decision making loop

Case study: caudate head infarction: goal directed behavior (decision making) deficits including, inattention, distractibility, disorientation, poor concentration and short term memory. No movement disorder

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14
Q

Basal Ganglia

What loop?

A

Social Behavior Loop

  • Head of caudate is part of loop that recognizes social cues, regulates self control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant information
  • Case of isolated bilateral caudate head lesion: impulsive, prone to frustration over minor issues, violent, indifferent, hypersexual, shop lifting. No motor abnormalities present.
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15
Q

Basal Ganglia

What loop?

A

Emotion Loop

  • Loop is responsible for integrating emotions and facial expression (partly responsible for mask like face), seeking rewards, predictions when outcome is unknown, addictions
  • Basal ganglia stroke- depression, emotional blunting
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16
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe flow of goal directed behavior loop

A

Goal Directed Behavior Loop

  • lateral prefrontal cortex
  • head of caudate = part of decision making loop
  • globus pallidus internus
  • ventral anterior - thalamus
  • back to prefrontal cortex
17
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe flow of social behavior loop

A

Social Behavior Loop

  • Ventral prefrontal cortex
  • Head of caudate = part of loop that recognizes social cues, regulates self control, and parses out relevant from irrelevant information
  • Substantia nigra reticularis
  • Medial dorsal - Thalamus
  • back to ventral prefrontal cortex
18
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe flow of emotion loop

A

Emotion Loop

  • Medial prefrontal cortex
  • Putamen (VS)
  • Globus pallidus externus (VP)
  • Medial dorsal - thalamus
  • back to medial prefrontal cortex
19
Q

Basal Ganglia

Goal directed behavior loop:

  • Cerebral cortex = ?
  • Basal ganglia = ?
  • Thalamic nuclei = ?

blue

A
20
Q

Basal Ganglia

Social behavior loop:

  • Cerebral cortex = ?
  • Basal ganglia = ?
  • Thalamic nuclei = ?
A
21
Q

Basal Ganglia

Emotion loop:

  • Cerebral cortex = ?
  • Basal ganglia = ?
  • Thalamic nuclei = ?
A
22
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe the Oculomotor Loop

A
  • Body of the caudate is part of an oculomotor loop.
  • Makes decision about spatial attention and eye movements; specifically determining weather to use fast eye movements to direct attention towards an object.
  • In basal ganglia pathology: demonstrate impaired saccadic eye movements
23
Q

Basal Ganglia

Motor loops are important for ?

A
  • Important for planning and programming of movement by selecting and inhibiting specific motor strategies, initiation of movement
24
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe Motor Loop: Direct Pathway

A

Motor Loop Direct Pathway:

  • Consists of signals transmitted from the cortex to putamen/ substantia nigra reticulata to Globus pallidus, to ventrolateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus, and back to cortex.
  • Serves to activate the motor and premotor cortex and assists in the initiation of voluntary movement.
  • Go pathway
25
Q

Basal Ganglia

Describe Motor Loop: Indirect Pathway

A

Motor Loop Indirect:

  • Loopthrough the BG involves the GPe, subthalamic nucleus, GPi, substantia nigra reticuclata.
  • Serves to decrease thalamocortical activation
  • Suppresses unwanted movements
  • No-Go pathway
26
Q
A
27
Q

Basal Ganglia

What loops?

A

Motor Loop (Darker)

  • Cortex = Motor and premotor cortex
  • Basal Ganglia = Putament, globus pallidus
  • Thalamic Nuclei = Ventral lateral

Occulomotor Loop

  • Cortex = Frontal and supplementary eye fields
  • Basal Ganglia = Caudate body and substantia nigra reticularis
  • Thalamic Nuclei = Ventral anterior

DPT 671 - Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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