Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal 1 > Foot and ankle exam/alignment > Flashcards

Foot and ankle exam/alignment Flashcards

1
Q

What joints make up the rearfoot

A
  • distal tibiofibular
  • talocrural
  • subtalor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What joints of the foot make up the mid foot

A
  • mid tarsal joint
  • talonavicular
  • calcaneocuboid
  • intertarsal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What joints make up the forefoot

A
  • Tarsometatarsal
  • inter metatarsal
  • metatarsalphalangeal (MTP)
  • Interphalangeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Medial Ankle ligament

A

Deltoid ligament

  • tibiotalar anterior
  • Posterior tibiotalar
  • tibionavicular
  • tibiocalcaneal

Plantar calcaneonavicular Ligament (spring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lateral ankle ligaments

A
  • Anterior and posterior tibia-fibular ligament
  • calcaneofibular
  • short plantar ligament
  • long plantar ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Open chain cardinal (single) plane motions of the foot and ankle

A
  • Transverse plane: adduction/abduction
  • Frontal plane: inversion/eversion
  • sagittal plane: dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Triplanar motion of the foot/ankle

A
  • motions of the foot occur in lane that pass through all 3 cardinal planes
  • open chain pronation: combination of eversion, DF and abduction
  • Open chain supination: combination of inversion, plantar flexion, and adduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Talocrural open chain joint motion

A
  • axis = med to lateral thu malleoli
  • DF
  • PF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arthrokinematics in open chain of the talocrural joint

A
  • roll and glide opposite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Subtalar joint

A
  • talus with calcaneous
  • Eversion/inversion
  • inversion to eversion = 2:1
  • axis = posterior, lateral down thru navicular
  • medial/lateral arc glides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Midtarsal joint axis

A
  1. longitudinal axis: follows subtalar, eversion and inversion
  2. oblique axis of motion: PF+ adduction +inversion = supination and DF + abduction + eversion = pronation (open chain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1TMT and 1st ray of the foot
VS
2nd TMT and 2nd ray

A
  1. most mobile
  2. most stable (lisfranc=fracture of this making it unstable)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to move the forefoot on midfoot

A
  • lateral rotation of metatarsal (DF/inversion)
  • medial rotation of the metatarsal (PF/eversion)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TMT mobilizations

A
  • distraction
  • rotation
  • DF glides
  • PF glides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arches of the foot
- quiet standing
- walking/running

A
  • passive support for quiet standing
  • need to add dynamic support of muscles during walking/running
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Medial longitudinal arch anatomical support

A
  • Tibialis anterior/posterior supports the arch
  • plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)
  • sustentaculum tali supports the talus on the medial side
  • plantar fascia
  • navicular = keystone
  • these get overworked with flat feet
17
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A
  • short and long plantar ligament
  • peroneus longus, brevis tendon
  • cuboid is keystone
18
Q

Transverse arch

What supports this

A
  • Anterior tibialis/posterior tibialis
  • peroneus longus
  • bony support = cuneiforms, cuboid
19
Q

Closed chain pronation and up kinetic chain during gait

A
  • Gait: loading response to foot flat
  • accommodation, absorbs ground reaction forces
  • Calcaneus: everts
  • talus: adducts and PF
  • Leg/tibia: internally rotates
  • knee: flexes
20
Q

Closed chain supination and up the kinetic chain/gait

A
  • gait: midstance to terminal stance/push off
  • supination: stability
  • calcaneus: inverts
  • talus: abducts and DF
  • leg: externally rotates
  • knee: extends
21
Q

Supinated foot/high arch/pes caves

A
  • stability
  • supinated at heel strike and midstance to push off
  • rigid foot = ligaments taut, joints hypomobile
  • lacks shock absorption:
  • foot to surface contact is minimized
  • increase ground reaction force at heel, 1st/5th met heads
  • increase chance of skin breakdown with desensitized feet
  • more prone to inversion ankle sprains and stress fx
  • makes leg functionally longer
22
Q

Pronated foot/low arch/flat feet/ples planus

A
  • loading response to foot flat
  • flexible foot, ligaments lax, joints hypermobile
  • flattening of medial longitudinal arch
  • foot to surface contact is maximized
  • accommodation to uneven surfaces
  • Makes leg functionally shorter
  • over pronation undesirable
  • tenosynovitis: posterior tib, FHL, FD, anterior tib
  • plantar fasciitis
  • tarsal tunnel syndrome
23
Q

pronation effect up kinetic chain

A
  • IR of tibia
  • genu valgus at knee
  • increase tensile stress on MCL
  • increase compression on lateral femoral/tibial condyles
  • patella can track laterally
  • IR at hip and ER weakened/lengthened
  • shortened leg = stress on spine
  • lower iliac crest on that side
  • lumbar side bend to opposite
24
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A
  • inflammation of the plantar fascia (runs from calcaneal tubercle to met heads)
  • heel spur may or may not be present on Xray
  • Worsen with WB
  • tightens with sleeping(go into PF) - worse with initial WB
  • occurs in over pronators/poor arches
  • fatigued/overworked extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
  • may also occur in supinated foot due to tightness of Plantar fascia
  • responds well to orthotic or low dye tapping
25
Q

tarsal tunnel syndrome

A
  • inflammation of posterior tibial nerve
  • flexor retinaculum tight, small space
  • tenosynovitis of posterior tibialis, FDL, FHL
  • seen in over pronators
  • overuse fatigue extrinsic and intrinsic muscules
  • poor arches
26
Q

Signs and symptoms of tarsal tunnel

A
  • paresthesia of plantar aspect of foot
  • may lead to weakness of intrinsics –> claw toe
  • responds well to orthotic, low dye taping
  • medial plantar n. = great toe
  • lateral plantar n. = 2nd toe and laterally
27
Q

MTP joints - requirements for gait

A
  • extension required during push off
  • need 45-55 Toe extension for normal walking
  • compensation = ER at hip
  • evaluate 1st MTP position and mobility
28
Q

Hallux Rigidus

A
  • lack of great toe extension
  • results in pain and limited push off
  • compensation = ER at hip
  • this sets them up for excessive pronation
  • look for callus in medial aspect of great toe MTP
29
Q

Hallux Valgus deformity

A
  • bunion
  • lateral deviation. of 1st proximal phalanx
  • medial deviation of 1st metatarsal
  • sublux. 1st MTP joint on X-ray
  • capsule, MCL, bursa, thickened/inflammed
  • excessive bone forms (exostosis/bunion pain)
  • gait - Hip ER compensation
30
Q

Claw toes

A
  • hyperextended MTPs
  • flexion of IPs
  • loss of interossei/lumbricales
  • can be result of Tarsal tunnel syndrome with posterior tibial n. compression)
31
Q

Hammer toe

A
  • hyperextension MTP
  • flex PIP
  • common at 2nd toe
  • muscle imbalance, heredity, poor fitting shoes
32
Q

Mallet toe

A
  • can’t actively extend DIP
  • rupture of extensor insertion into distal phalanx
  • MOI - stub toe
  • contracture of DIP joint
33
Q

Lateral tibial torsion signs

A
  • too many toes
  • normal 15º ER
  • position of medial and lateral malleoli in regards to the femoral condyles

Musculoskeletal 1 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions