foot and ankle

Question 1

what are the different groups of ligaments in the ankle ?

Answer 1

medial ligament - deltoid
lateral ligament - ATFL , CFL
syndesmotic ligaments

Question 2

what are the different modes of injury of the ankle ?

Answer 2

inversion
eversion
lateral or medial rotation against a fixed foot

Question 3

what are the types of ankle injuries ?

Answer 3

high - syndesmotic ligament
low - CFL, ATFL

Question 4

what are the grades of ankle injury ?

Answer 4

normal
grade 1 - stretching, small tears
grade 2 - larger, but incomplete tear
grade 3 - complete tear

Question 5

patient presents with recurrent sprains, popping sounds and sensation what is the most likely diagnosis ?

Answer 5

chronic instability

Question 6

what does the varus stress test evaluate ?

Answer 6

lateral ligament

Question 7

what does the valgus stress test evaluate ?

Answer 7

deltoid ligament (medial)

Question 8

which muscles join to form the achilles tendon ?

Answer 8

gastrocnemius
soleus

Question 9

what aree the modes of injury of the achilles tendon ?

Answer 9

1- traumatic - sharp, sports injury
2- pathological rupture

Question 10

what is the presentation of achilles tendon ?

Answer 10

sudden snapping sound
plantar flexion of the foot
whip sound
inability to walk
ecchymosis

Question 11

what special test is used for achilles tendon rupture ?

Answer 11

simmonds test

Question 12

what are the imaging modalities for achilles tendon ?

Answer 12

xray to exclude avulsion
MRI is the gold standard

Question 13

what is the conservative management for achilles tendon rupture ?

Answer 13

cast in plantar flexion

Question 14

what is the treatment for chronic ruptures ?

Answer 14

tendon lengthening
tendon grafting

Question 15

what are thee hallux disorders ?

Answer 15

hallux valgus
hallux rigidus

Question 16

what is the commonest foot deformity ?

Answer 16

hallux valgus

Question 17

what is the main cause of hallux valgus ?

Answer 17

narrow shoe box

Question 18

what disease is often associated with hallux valgus ?

Answer 18

RA

Question 19

what is the surgical management for hallux valgus ?

Answer 19

scarf osteotomy

Question 20

what is hallux rigidus ?

Answer 20

loss of motion or stiffness of the 1st MTP

Question 21

what are the X ray findings associated with hallux rigidus ?

Answer 21

dorsal osteophytes
joint arthritis

Question 22

what is the surgical management for hallux rigidus ?

Answer 22

dorsal cheliectomy

Question 23

what are the lesser toe deformities ?

Answer 23

hammer toe
mallet toe
claw toe

Question 24

what is the usual pathology in lesser toe deformities ?

Answer 24

intrinsic muscle pathology

Question 25

inflammation of the achilles tendon ?

Answer 25

achilles tendonitis

Question 26

what is the aetiology associated with achilles tendonitis ?

Answer 26

due to overuse or unaccustomed activity, particularly with inappropriate shoe wear

Question 27

prominence of the posterior aspect of the calcaneus near the achilles insertion ?

Answer 27

haglund deformity - associated with achilles tendonitis

Question 28

what is the surgical management for haglund deformity ?

Answer 28

excision of the bony prominence
disinsertion and reattachment of achilles tendon

Question 29

what is the presentation of plantar fasciitis ?

Answer 29

1- Sharp, stabbing pain in the heel and plantar area of the foot, often most severe upon waking or after periods of rest
2- pain worse after exercise and not during
3- tenderness over the medial tubercle