foot and ankle Flashcards
what are the different groups of ligaments in the ankle ?
medial ligament - deltoid
lateral ligament - ATFL , CFL
syndesmotic ligaments
what are the different modes of injury of the ankle ?
inversion
eversion
lateral or medial rotation against a fixed foot
what are the types of ankle injuries ?
high - syndesmotic ligament
low - CFL, ATFL
what are the grades of ankle injury ?
normal
grade 1 - stretching, small tears
grade 2 - larger, but incomplete tear
grade 3 - complete tear
patient presents with recurrent sprains, popping sounds and sensation what is the most likely diagnosis ?
chronic instability
what does the varus stress test evaluate ?
lateral ligament
what does the valgus stress test evaluate ?
deltoid ligament (medial)
which muscles join to form the achilles tendon ?
gastrocnemius
soleus
what aree the modes of injury of the achilles tendon ?
1- traumatic - sharp, sports injury
2- pathological rupture
what is the presentation of achilles tendon ?
sudden snapping sound
plantar flexion of the foot
whip sound
inability to walk
ecchymosis
what special test is used for achilles tendon rupture ?
simmonds test
what are the imaging modalities for achilles tendon ?
xray to exclude avulsion
MRI is the gold standard
what is the conservative management for achilles tendon rupture ?
cast in plantar flexion
what is the treatment for chronic ruptures ?
tendon lengthening
tendon grafting
what are thee hallux disorders ?
hallux valgus
hallux rigidus
what is the commonest foot deformity ?
hallux valgus
what is the main cause of hallux valgus ?
narrow shoe box
what disease is often associated with hallux valgus ?
RA
what is the surgical management for hallux valgus ?
scarf osteotomy
what is hallux rigidus ?
loss of motion or stiffness of the 1st MTP
what are the X ray findings associated with hallux rigidus ?
dorsal osteophytes
joint arthritis
what is the surgical management for hallux rigidus ?
dorsal cheliectomy
what are the lesser toe deformities ?
hammer toe
mallet toe
claw toe
what is the usual pathology in lesser toe deformities ?
intrinsic muscle pathology
inflammation of the achilles tendon ?
achilles tendonitis
what is the aetiology associated with achilles tendonitis ?
due to overuse or unaccustomed activity, particularly with inappropriate shoe wear
prominence of the posterior aspect of the calcaneus near the achilles insertion ?
haglund deformity - associated with achilles tendonitis
what is the surgical management for haglund deformity ?
excision of the bony prominence
disinsertion and reattachment of achilles tendon
what is the presentation of plantar fasciitis ?
1- Sharp, stabbing pain in the heel and plantar area of the foot, often most severe upon waking or after periods of rest
2- pain worse after exercise and not during
3- tenderness over the medial tubercle
