Foot Flashcards
How many tarsal bones are there in the foot?
7
What is the heel bone?
Calcaneus
Which tarsal receives initial contact with the ground when walking?
Calcaneus
What landmark of the calcaneus is the attachment point for the spring ligament?
Sustentaculum Tali
What is the smooth surface of the talus?
Talar Dome
How is the talus located on the calcaneus?
Angled medially superiorly to the calcaneus and is supported by the spring ligament.
Which side of the foot is the navicular located?
Medial side of the mid foot
Which tarsal bone articulates with the anterior surface of the talus and the 3 cuneiforms distally and the cuboid laterally.
Navicular
Which tarsal is located lateral to the navicular?
Cuboid
How does the cuboid articulate with the other bones of the foot?
Articulates with the calcaneus proximally, distally to metatarsals 4 and 5, and 3rd cuneiform medially
What are the 3 cuneiforms?
Medial, intermediate, lateral OR 1,2,3
Which bone posteriorly articulates with the cuneiforms?
navicular
What is the name of the big toe?
Hallux
Which tarsals are considered the transition point from midfoot to the metatarsals?
Cuneiforms.
What is the function of the sesamoid bones located on the plantar side of the head of metatarsal 1?
Act as a pulley for the flexor muscles of the hallux during propulsion (toe off).
What are the 3 arches of the foot? What are their functions?
- Medial Longitudinal Arch
- Lateral Longitudinal Arch
- Transverse Arch
They act as a spring to absorb ground reaction forces.
Which 2 structures support the medial longitudinal arch?
Spring Ligament and Planar Fascia
Of the 2 longitudinal arches, which is more stable?
Lateral.
Which arch is supported by the long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament, bifurcate ligament, and the plantar fascia?
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
What creates the transverse arch of the foot?
Created by the bases of metatarsals 1-5
What are the extreme cases of excessively flat or high arches of the foot called? Why is this a problem?
Pes Planus = flat
Pes Cavus = high
The arch is not able to absorb forces which are hen transmitted to the ones of the legs and can cause stress fractures.
What area of the body refers to the crural bones?
Tibia and Fibula (shin/lower leg)
What is the joint of the ankle?
Talocrural joint
What type of joint is the talocrural joint?
synovial hinge joint
Which bones articulate to form the talocrural joint?
Distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus.
What do the malleolus’ do for the ankle joint?
Provide stability and contribute to the ankle mortise.
Which part of the talus fits into the mortise formed by the tibia and fibula?
Talar Dome
What is another name for the Subtalar joint?
talocalcaneal joint
At which joint does inversion/eversion occur?
Subtalar joint
What type of joint is the Subtalar joint?
Synovial Plane
What feature of the talus allows for a tight fit for the ankle mortise allowing dorsiflexion to be the most stable point of motion within the ankle joint and the least stable in plantarflexion?
The wider anterior talus makes for a tight fit in the mortise resulting in stability during dorsiflexion.
Why does inversion have a greater ROM and less stability than eversion?
Because the lateral malleolus extends further distally than the medial malleolus limiting eversions ROM.
What is the function of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
To resist inversions because they cross the Subtalar joint.
What are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle?
- Anterior Talofibular
- Calcaneofibular
- Posterior Talofibular
What ligaments are injured in a common ankle spring?
The lateral ligaments of the ankle.
What is the name of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?
Deltoid Ligament
How many bands form the deltoid ligament?
4 bands
Where does the deltoid ligament run?
Extends from the medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus and navicular.
What type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
Fibrous, Syndesmoses
Which ligaments of the distal tibiofibular joint support the integrity of the ankle mortise and if disrupted can cause the joint to become unstable?
Anterior and Posterior distal tibiofibular ligaments
The talocalcaneonavicular joint is supported by which ligament?
Spring Ligament
What is the true name of the spring ligament?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Weakness of the spring ligament can cause what?
Dropped medial longitudinal arch causing the foot “to grow”
Which ligament supports the lateral longitudinal arch from above on the dorsal aspect of the foot?
Bifurcate Ligament
Which plantar ligament extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid on the lateral side of the foot?
Short Plantar Ligament
Where does the long plantar ligament run?
extends from the tubercle of the calcaneus to the cuboid and also has slips extending too the lateral metatarsals 3,4 and 5
What structure supports both the lateral and medial longitudinal arches of the foot?
Plantar fascia
What structure extends from the calcaneal tubercle to the 5 digits of the foot?
Plantar Fascia
List the tarsals that the bases of each metatarsal articulates with (tarsometatarsal joints)
-Metatarsal 1 = Cuneiform 1
Metatarsal 2 = Cuneiform 2
Metatarsal 3 = Cuneiform 3
Metatarsals 4 and 5 = Cuboid
The metatarsophalangeal joints articulate which bones of the feet?
Heads of the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges.
Are the MTP joints reinforced with collateral ligaments? Do they have palmar plates?
Yes they have collateral ligaments but no palmar plates.
Because there are no palmer plates in the joint capsules of the MTP joints, in which direction are the toes more flexible compared to the fingers?
More flexible on the dorsal and ventral aspects.
What is the directional relationship of the navicular to the cuboid?
a) lateral
b) medial
c) superior
d) distal
e) proximal
a) lateral
