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Human Anatomy (kin) > Foot > Flashcards

Foot Flashcards

1
Q

How many tarsal bones are there in the foot?

A

7

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2
Q

What is the heel bone?

A

Calcaneus

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3
Q

Which tarsal receives initial contact with the ground when walking?

A

Calcaneus

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4
Q

What landmark of the calcaneus is the attachment point for the spring ligament?

A

Sustentaculum Tali

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5
Q

What is the smooth surface of the talus?

A

Talar Dome

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6
Q

How is the talus located on the calcaneus?

A

Angled medially superiorly to the calcaneus and is supported by the spring ligament.

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7
Q

Which side of the foot is the navicular located?

A

Medial side of the mid foot

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8
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the anterior surface of the talus and the 3 cuneiforms distally and the cuboid laterally.

A

Navicular

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9
Q

Which tarsal is located lateral to the navicular?

A

Cuboid

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10
Q

How does the cuboid articulate with the other bones of the foot?

A

Articulates with the calcaneus proximally, distally to metatarsals 4 and 5, and 3rd cuneiform medially

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11
Q

What are the 3 cuneiforms?

A

Medial, intermediate, lateral OR 1,2,3

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12
Q

Which bone posteriorly articulates with the cuneiforms?

A

navicular

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13
Q

What is the name of the big toe?

A

Hallux

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14
Q

Which tarsals are considered the transition point from midfoot to the metatarsals?

A

Cuneiforms.

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15
Q

What is the function of the sesamoid bones located on the plantar side of the head of metatarsal 1?

A

Act as a pulley for the flexor muscles of the hallux during propulsion (toe off).

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16
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot? What are their functions?

A
  • Medial Longitudinal Arch
  • Lateral Longitudinal Arch
  • Transverse Arch

They act as a spring to absorb ground reaction forces.

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17
Q

Which 2 structures support the medial longitudinal arch?

A

Spring Ligament and Planar Fascia

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18
Q

Of the 2 longitudinal arches, which is more stable?

A

Lateral.

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19
Q

Which arch is supported by the long plantar ligament, short plantar ligament, bifurcate ligament, and the plantar fascia?

A

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

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20
Q

What creates the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Created by the bases of metatarsals 1-5

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21
Q

What are the extreme cases of excessively flat or high arches of the foot called? Why is this a problem?

A

Pes Planus = flat
Pes Cavus = high

The arch is not able to absorb forces which are hen transmitted to the ones of the legs and can cause stress fractures.

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22
Q

What area of the body refers to the crural bones?

A

Tibia and Fibula (shin/lower leg)

23
Q

What is the joint of the ankle?

A

Talocrural joint

24
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

synovial hinge joint

25
Q

Which bones articulate to form the talocrural joint?

A

Distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the talus.

26
Q

What do the malleolus’ do for the ankle joint?

A

Provide stability and contribute to the ankle mortise.

27
Q

Which part of the talus fits into the mortise formed by the tibia and fibula?

A

Talar Dome

28
Q

What is another name for the Subtalar joint?

A

talocalcaneal joint

29
Q

At which joint does inversion/eversion occur?

A

Subtalar joint

30
Q

What type of joint is the Subtalar joint?

A

Synovial Plane

31
Q

What feature of the talus allows for a tight fit for the ankle mortise allowing dorsiflexion to be the most stable point of motion within the ankle joint and the least stable in plantarflexion?

A

The wider anterior talus makes for a tight fit in the mortise resulting in stability during dorsiflexion.

32
Q

Why does inversion have a greater ROM and less stability than eversion?

A

Because the lateral malleolus extends further distally than the medial malleolus limiting eversions ROM.

33
Q

What is the function of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

To resist inversions because they cross the Subtalar joint.

34
Q

What are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle?

A
  • Anterior Talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
  • Posterior Talofibular
35
Q

What ligaments are injured in a common ankle spring?

A

The lateral ligaments of the ankle.

36
Q

What is the name of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Deltoid Ligament

37
Q

How many bands form the deltoid ligament?

38
Q

Where does the deltoid ligament run?

A

Extends from the medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus and navicular.

39
Q

What type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?

A

Fibrous, Syndesmoses

40
Q

Which ligaments of the distal tibiofibular joint support the integrity of the ankle mortise and if disrupted can cause the joint to become unstable?

A

Anterior and Posterior distal tibiofibular ligaments

41
Q

The talocalcaneonavicular joint is supported by which ligament?

A

Spring Ligament

42
Q

What is the true name of the spring ligament?

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

43
Q

Weakness of the spring ligament can cause what?

A

Dropped medial longitudinal arch causing the foot “to grow”

44
Q

Which ligament supports the lateral longitudinal arch from above on the dorsal aspect of the foot?

A

Bifurcate Ligament

45
Q

Which plantar ligament extends from the calcaneus to the cuboid on the lateral side of the foot?

A

Short Plantar Ligament

46
Q

Where does the long plantar ligament run?

A

extends from the tubercle of the calcaneus to the cuboid and also has slips extending too the lateral metatarsals 3,4 and 5

47
Q

What structure supports both the lateral and medial longitudinal arches of the foot?

A

Plantar fascia

48
Q

What structure extends from the calcaneal tubercle to the 5 digits of the foot?

A

Plantar Fascia

49
Q

List the tarsals that the bases of each metatarsal articulates with (tarsometatarsal joints)

A

-Metatarsal 1 = Cuneiform 1
Metatarsal 2 = Cuneiform 2
Metatarsal 3 = Cuneiform 3
Metatarsals 4 and 5 = Cuboid

50
Q

The metatarsophalangeal joints articulate which bones of the feet?

A

Heads of the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges.

51
Q

Are the MTP joints reinforced with collateral ligaments? Do they have palmar plates?

A

Yes they have collateral ligaments but no palmar plates.

52
Q

Because there are no palmer plates in the joint capsules of the MTP joints, in which direction are the toes more flexible compared to the fingers?

A

More flexible on the dorsal and ventral aspects.

53
Q

What is the directional relationship of the navicular to the cuboid?

a) lateral
b) medial
c) superior
d) distal
e) proximal

A

a) lateral

Human Anatomy (kin) (14 decks)

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