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3) Global Food Security > Food Security Measurements > Flashcards

Food Security Measurements Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the take-home message behind food security measurements?

A
  • There is no single instrument that can access food security as a whole
  • We require more than one type
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2
Q

What is the central dimension of food security?

A

Access

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3
Q

What are the static and dynamic dimensions that access food security?

A
  • Availability
  • Physical access
  • Economic access
  • Utilization
  • Vulnerability
  • Shocks
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4
Q

What does availability measure?

A
  • Average energy supply adequacy
  • Average value of food production
  • Share of dietary energy
  • Average protein supply
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5
Q

What does physical access measure?

A
  • Percentage of paved roads over total roads
  • Road density
  • Rail lines density
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6
Q

What does economic access measure?

A

Domestic food price index

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7
Q

What does utilization measure (in terms of a static and dynamic determinant)?

A
  • Access to improved water sources

- Access to improved sanitation facilities

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8
Q

What does vulnerability measure?

A
  • Cereal import dependency ratio

- Value of food imports over total merchandise exports

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9
Q

What do shocks measure?

A
  • Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism

- Domestic food price volatility

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10
Q

Who is Dean Spears? What did he discover?

A
  • British economist
  • Discovered that 35% to 55% of stunting in India is caused by open air defecation
  • Lots of parasites, which decrease nutrient absorption
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11
Q

What are the two outcomes that are measured?

A
  • Access

- Utilization

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12
Q

What does access measure (in terms of an outcome)?

A
  • Prevalence of undernourishment
  • Share of food expenditure of the poor
  • Depth of the food deficit
  • Prevalence of food inadequacy
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13
Q

What does utilization measure (in terms of an outcome)?

A
  • Percentage of children under 5 affected by wasting, stunting, underweight
  • Percentage of adults who are underweight
  • Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women/children
  • Prevalence of vitamin A or iodine deficiency
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14
Q

How do you measure the percentage of children under 5 who are underweight?

A
  • Height
  • Weight
  • Ask parents for their birth date
  • Sex
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15
Q

What is stunting?

A

Height is below where it should be in a growth chart

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16
Q

What is wasting?

A

Weight is below where it should be on a growth chart

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17
Q

What is underweight?

A

Combination of the weight and height of the child

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18
Q

Differentiate what stunting and wasting indicate?

A
  • Stunting: chronic undernutrition

- Wasting: acute undernutrition

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19
Q

What are the five methods to measure food security?

A
  1. FAO Method: Food balance sheets
  2. Household income and expenditure surveys
  3. Adequacy of dietary intake
  4. Child nutritional status
  5. People’s experience with food security
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20
Q

What is the FAO method of measuring food security?

A

Food balance sheets

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21
Q

How do you determine food security using food balance sheets?

A
  • The quantity of food produced (in calories) - the quantity of food exported, utilized for livestock, and food wasted (in calories)
  • Determination of the number of calories necessary for the population
  • If 100 000 calories are needed, and only 50 000 calories are produced, then half of the country is food insecure
22
Q

What is the limitation of food balance sheets?

A
  • Does not take into account the nutritional quality (micronutrients) of the food
  • Does not precise who has access to the food
23
Q

What is SOFI?

A
  • The last Food Balance Sheet report by the FAO in 2015

- State of Food Insecurity in the World

24
Q

What is the adequacy of dietary intake?

A
  • Usage of 24-hour recall questionnaires

- It takes 3 dietary recalls in order to perceive dietary patterns (includes a weekend day)

25
Q

What is the limitation of dietary recalls?

A
  • People’s memory
  • Time-consuming
  • Nutrients that we don’t consume very often require more than 10 dietary recalls
26
Q

How do you measure child nutritional status?

A

Through anthropometric indicators

27
Q

What questions are asked in questionnaires concerning people’s experience with food security?

A
  • “What does it mean to be hungry?”

- “Do you ever go to bed hungry?”

28
Q

What is the questionnaire called to evaluate people’s experience with food security?

A

Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)

29
Q

What was the alternative definition of the minimum dietary energy intake? What was the problem in this measurement?

A
  • Incorporation of physical activity

- FAO is not capable in calculating the energy requirement of everyone in the world; would take too much money

30
Q

How does FAO calculate the minimum dietary energy requirement as of 2012?

A
  • They calculate the minimum requirement for SEDENTARY people
  • Thus, we are underestimating the requirement since not everyone is sedentary
31
Q

What was the “bad news” of the alternative definitions of minimum dietary energy requirements by FAO in 2012?

A

If we project the minimum dietary energy requirements for “normal” physical activity, then the number of food insecure individuals would be 1.5 billion

32
Q

How many people are iron deficient?

A
  • 25% of the world
  • Pregnant women: 42%
  • Preschool children: 47%
33
Q

What is the prevalence of zinc deficiency?

A

1/3 of the world

34
Q

What are risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies?

A
  • Inadequate intake

- Poor absorption from diet

35
Q

What are questions that Food Insecurity Experience Scale could ask?
“During the last 12 months, was there a time when, because of lack of money or other resources:”

A
  • You were worried you could not get enough food to eat?
  • You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
  • You ate only a few kinds of foods?
  • You had to skip a meal?
  • You ate less than you thought you should?
  • Your household ran out of food?
  • You were hungry but did not eat?
  • You went without eating for a whole day?
36
Q

How many people are hungry according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale?

A

At least half a billion

37
Q

How many people are hungry in the world?

A
  • It depends on the indicator and the methodology

- The sources of information are different

38
Q

Who release the state of food security in 2017?

A
  • FAO
  • WFP
  • IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development)
39
Q

What influences the methodology of a researcher? Give an example.

A
  • Their background

- Ex: a nutritionist thinks that macronutrient deficiencies is the way to go

40
Q

What do we measure for child nutritional status?

A
  • Height (or length if they cannot stand)

- Weight

41
Q

What is relevant about the different levels of severity of food insecurity?

A

To go through the higher levels of severity, you must go through the lower levels first

42
Q

What measurement allowed us to realize that 12.5% of Canadian households are food insecure?

A

Food insecurity experience scale

43
Q

Which other organizations were also helping the 3 food-focused ones to write the state of food security and nutrition in the world (2017)?

A
  • UNICEF

- WHO

44
Q

Why is it good that UNICEF and WHO joined forces with FAO, WFP, and IFAD?

A

Since to fight hunger, we require DIFFERENT kinds of interventions as it is multi-faceted

45
Q

What was the state of food insecurity in the world in 2015? How did it change by 2016?

A
  • 2015: 777 million

- 2016: 815 million

46
Q

What does the increase of food insecurity tell us?

A

The policies that we have in place are not even enough to prevent an increase in the number of hungry individuals

47
Q

What plays a key role in the increase of food insecurity?

A

Stability!

48
Q

Describe how conflict is a driver of food insecurity.

A
  • Conflict is a key driver of situations of severe hunger crisis and recently re-emerged famines
  • Hunger and undernutrition are significantly worse where conflicts are prolonged
49
Q

How can we address food insecurity and malnutrition in conflict-affected situations?

A
  • Cannot be “business as usual”
  • Requires a conflict-sensitive approach that aligns actions for immediate humanitarian assistance, long-term development and sustaining peace
50
Q

How can you fix an international conflict?

A

By figuring out the interests of the different groups

3) Global Food Security (9 decks)

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