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3) Global Food Security > Consequences of Food Insecurity > Flashcards

Consequences of Food Insecurity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the double-burden of food insecurity?

A
  • The co-existence of undernutrition and obesity

- When they are found in the same household, community, or country

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2
Q

What is the triple burden of food insecurity?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Obesity
  • Unsafe foods
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3
Q

What is the quadruple burden of food insecurity?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Obesity
  • Unsafe foods
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
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4
Q

What does food insecurity cause in terms of the psychosocial context?

A
  • Individuals may become depressed

- Conflicts may be created

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5
Q

What is the vicious circle of food insecurity?

A

The consequences feed back into the determinants, which makes it difficult to intervene

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6
Q

What does the voices of the hungry measure?

A
  • The experience of people with food insecurity

- Food insecurity seen through the lens of peoples’ experiences

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7
Q

Where does the measurement of the voices of the hungry end?

A
  • “Experiencing hunger”

- There are certainly more severe situations, but the voices of the hungry does not measure beyond that

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8
Q

What is hidden hunger?

A

Micronutrient deficiencies

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9
Q

Where is hidden hunger particularly widespread?

A

Central Africa

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10
Q

What percentage of women of reproductive age are anemic?

A

70%

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11
Q

What percentage of children under the age of 5 are deficient in vitamin A?

A

25%

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12
Q

What methods are used to establish deficiencies in iodine? What is the best way to solve iodine deficiencies?

A
  • Urinary methods

- Iodizing salt

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13
Q

What does child undernutrition comprise?

A
  • Stunting
  • Wasting
  • Underweight
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14
Q

How has overweight and obesity rates increased since 1980 in adults? In children?

A
  • Adults: 28%

- Children: 47%

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15
Q

Which countries experience the highest overweight/obesity rates in the world?

A
  • Small island states (Samoa, Barbados)
  • Their food production systems have transformed the tourist industry
  • They rely heavily on food importation
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16
Q

What is the downside of bariatric surgery?

A
  • Drastically reduces the weight of individuals
  • Vast majority of individuals return to their initial weight within two years
  • “There is no silver bullet”
17
Q

What is diabetes linked to?

A
  • Obesity
  • Culture
  • Changing environments
  • Food importation
18
Q

What is food insecurity linked to?

A
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Metabolic syndrome
19
Q

What are the financial impacts on malnutrition?

A
  • Costs US$3.5 trillion per year

- Takes a toll on family budgets

20
Q

How does resilience affect food insecurity?

A

The higher the resilience, the greater the ability for individuals to reverse the effects of food shortages

21
Q

What are the responses to household food shortages as time progresses?

A
  • Diet changes
  • Grain loans
  • Small animal sales
  • Cash loans
  • Productive asset sales
  • Farmland sales
  • Outmigration
22
Q

What are children living in food insecure households more prone to?

A

Stunting and become underweight

23
Q

How are dietary patterns changing in terms of pulses and beans in India and Mexico?

A

These nutrient-dense foods are drastically decreasing

24
Q

How are dietary patterns changing in terms of sugars and oils in India and Mexico?

A
  • The consumption of sugars has doubled in India, and tripled in Mexico
  • The consumption of sugar is higher among food insecure people
25
Q

What are the three kinds of food categories?

A
  • Core foods
  • Secondary foods
  • Peripheral foods
26
Q

What are core foods?

A
  • Universal
  • Staple
  • Consistently used
27
Q

What are secondary foods?

A
  • Widespread

- Not universally consumed

28
Q

What are peripheral foods?

A
  • Least common

- Infrequent in occurrence

29
Q

What form the core foods in Mexico?

A

Carbohydrate-rich foods (corn tortilla, sweet bread, etc.)

30
Q

What percentage of foods consumed by small farmers is produced by them?

A

Only 12.5%

31
Q

What is the relationship between food insecurity and overweight?

A
  • There is a
    correlation
  • Food secure households consume less total fat, less saturated fat, more carotene, and more vitamin C
  • As food security decreases, the BMI increases
  • As food security decreases, the variety of foods decreases
32
Q

What are the differences in energy intake of low income individuals through time? What does that lead to over time?

A
  • Beginning of the month (i.e. pay day) = high
  • End of the month (i.e. less money for food) = low
  • Lack of negative compensation at the end of the month leading over time, obesity and obesity-associated complications
33
Q

What is undernourishment?

A
  • Indicator used by FAO in the reports (SOFI)

- A country does not have enough calories available to meet the requirement of its population

34
Q

What is undernutrition?

A
  • Refers to the state of nutritional status of our population
  • Chronic: stunting
  • Acute: wasting
  • Underweight
  • Measured with the height, weight, age, and sex

3) Global Food Security (9 decks)

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