Consequences of Food Insecurity Flashcards
What is the double-burden of food insecurity?
- The co-existence of undernutrition and obesity
- When they are found in the same household, community, or country
What is the triple burden of food insecurity?
- Undernutrition
- Obesity
- Unsafe foods
What is the quadruple burden of food insecurity?
- Undernutrition
- Obesity
- Unsafe foods
- Micronutrient deficiencies
What does food insecurity cause in terms of the psychosocial context?
- Individuals may become depressed
- Conflicts may be created
What is the vicious circle of food insecurity?
The consequences feed back into the determinants, which makes it difficult to intervene
What does the voices of the hungry measure?
- The experience of people with food insecurity
- Food insecurity seen through the lens of peoples’ experiences
Where does the measurement of the voices of the hungry end?
- “Experiencing hunger”
- There are certainly more severe situations, but the voices of the hungry does not measure beyond that
What is hidden hunger?
Micronutrient deficiencies
Where is hidden hunger particularly widespread?
Central Africa
What percentage of women of reproductive age are anemic?
70%
What percentage of children under the age of 5 are deficient in vitamin A?
25%
What methods are used to establish deficiencies in iodine? What is the best way to solve iodine deficiencies?
- Urinary methods
- Iodizing salt
What does child undernutrition comprise?
- Stunting
- Wasting
- Underweight
How has overweight and obesity rates increased since 1980 in adults? In children?
- Adults: 28%
- Children: 47%
Which countries experience the highest overweight/obesity rates in the world?
- Small island states (Samoa, Barbados)
- Their food production systems have transformed the tourist industry
- They rely heavily on food importation
What is the downside of bariatric surgery?
- Drastically reduces the weight of individuals
- Vast majority of individuals return to their initial weight within two years
- “There is no silver bullet”
What is diabetes linked to?
- Obesity
- Culture
- Changing environments
- Food importation
What is food insecurity linked to?
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Metabolic syndrome
What are the financial impacts on malnutrition?
- Costs US$3.5 trillion per year
- Takes a toll on family budgets
How does resilience affect food insecurity?
The higher the resilience, the greater the ability for individuals to reverse the effects of food shortages
What are the responses to household food shortages as time progresses?
- Diet changes
- Grain loans
- Small animal sales
- Cash loans
- Productive asset sales
- Farmland sales
- Outmigration
What are children living in food insecure households more prone to?
Stunting and become underweight
How are dietary patterns changing in terms of pulses and beans in India and Mexico?
These nutrient-dense foods are drastically decreasing
How are dietary patterns changing in terms of sugars and oils in India and Mexico?
- The consumption of sugars has doubled in India, and tripled in Mexico
- The consumption of sugar is higher among food insecure people
What are the three kinds of food categories?
- Core foods
- Secondary foods
- Peripheral foods
What are core foods?
- Universal
- Staple
- Consistently used
What are secondary foods?
- Widespread
- Not universally consumed
What are peripheral foods?
- Least common
- Infrequent in occurrence
What form the core foods in Mexico?
Carbohydrate-rich foods (corn tortilla, sweet bread, etc.)
What percentage of foods consumed by small farmers is produced by them?
Only 12.5%
What is the relationship between food insecurity and overweight?
- There is a
correlation - Food secure households consume less total fat, less saturated fat, more carotene, and more vitamin C
- As food security decreases, the BMI increases
- As food security decreases, the variety of foods decreases
What are the differences in energy intake of low income individuals through time? What does that lead to over time?
- Beginning of the month (i.e. pay day) = high
- End of the month (i.e. less money for food) = low
- Lack of negative compensation at the end of the month leading over time, obesity and obesity-associated complications
What is undernourishment?
- Indicator used by FAO in the reports (SOFI)
- A country does not have enough calories available to meet the requirement of its population
What is undernutrition?
- Refers to the state of nutritional status of our population
- Chronic: stunting
- Acute: wasting
- Underweight
- Measured with the height, weight, age, and sex
