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3) Global Food Security > Determinants of Food Insecurity > Flashcards

Determinants of Food Insecurity Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the UNICEF framework determined?

A
  • Around 20 years ago

- Result of a long discussion concerning research about child undernutrition and child mortality

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2
Q

What did UNICEF recognize for the first time in the report concerning their framework?

A

That undernutrition remained the main cause for child mortality in the world

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3
Q

What are the two components of malnutrition?

A
  • Undernutrition

- Overnutrition

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4
Q

According to the UNICEF framework, what are the three types of causes for malnutrition, disability, morbidity and death?

A
  • Basic causes
  • Underlying causes
  • Immediate causes
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5
Q

What are the two types of immediate causes?

A
  • Inadequate Diet

- Disease

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6
Q

How are an inadequate diet and disease interrelated?

A
  • Children who are sick lose their appetite

- If the diet is inadequate, the child is more prone to illness

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7
Q

What are the three underlying causes?

A
  • Inadequate household food security
  • Inadequate care
  • Inadequate services and unhealthy environment
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8
Q

What may inadequate care refer to?

A
  • Hygiene
  • Feeding
  • Psychological and social support for cognitive and physical development
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9
Q

What are the two basic causes?

A
  • Lack of capital

- Social, economical, and political context

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10
Q

What are the five types of capital?

A
  • Financial
  • Human
  • Physical
  • Social
  • Natural
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11
Q

What is the medicalization of undernutrition? What is the problem?

A
  • Approaches that deal with undernutrition using medical approaches (supplements)
  • These approaches are NOT sustainable
  • The basic causes MUST be addressed for sustainability
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12
Q

What are the three major components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?

A
  • Food availability
  • Food access
  • Food utilization
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13
Q

The sizes of the components of the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children depends on what?

A

On the number of STATEMENTS by the total interviewees

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14
Q

Which sub-component was mentioned the most in the Determinants of Food Security of Australian Children?

A

Nutrition knowledge and cooking skills

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15
Q

Where is low nutritional knowledge found?

A
  • In impoverished, low-income populations

- People didn’t know how to slice baguette from Panera

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16
Q

What are constitutional factors in the Determinants of Health?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Other constitutional factors (cannot change)
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17
Q

What are the effects of individual lifestyle factors? Give an example.

A
  • Might attenuate or worsen the impact of constitutional factors
  • Ex: you are aging, but you live a healthy lifestyle.
18
Q

What are the five layers of the determinants of health?

A
  • Constitutional factors
  • Individual lifestyle factors
  • Social and community networks
  • Living and working conditions
  • General socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions
19
Q

What are social and community networks?

A
  • Gyms
  • Parks
  • Roads
  • Safe environment to adapt a healthy lifestyle
20
Q

What are living and working conditions?

A
  • Agriculture and food production
  • Education
  • Work environment
  • Unemployment
  • Water and sanitation
  • Health services
  • Housing
21
Q

How does climate change affect food availability?

A
  • Flood and/or drought
  • Natural disasters
  • More pests (as temperatures increase)
22
Q

How does climate change affect food access?

A
  • Lower agricultural output means lower incomes of farmers
  • Increase in food prices
  • Lower physical access
23
Q

How does climate change affect food utilization?

A
  • Lower food quality
  • Low access to clean water (contamination of water)
  • Increased vulnerability to disease
24
Q

How does climate change affect food stability?

A
  • Unpredictable weather conditions
  • Damaged infrastructure
  • Increasing economic challenges
25
Q

How will climate change affect crops by 2050?

A

Decline in yields for eight major crops across Africa and South Asia

26
Q

How will climate change affect marine fisheries by 2050?

A
  • Fisheries yield decreases in the tropics (40%)

- Fisheries increase in higher latitudes

27
Q

What may climate change affect in the North?

A

Traditional foods may disappear

28
Q

What are the consequences of heat and water passing critical thresholds?

A
  • Temperature increase (4oC) endangers ability of farms and ecosystems to adapt
  • Water cycles will be very different and less predictable (sea levels rise, glaciers melt)
29
Q

Which country will undergo extreme water stress by 2050?

A

US

30
Q

How many hectares are lost annually due to drought and desertification?

A

12 million

31
Q

Emerging economies are “hot-spots” for __________.

A

foodborne diseases

32
Q

How does urbanization contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • More demand for risky foods (e.g. animal source foods)
  • Bigger markets: longer, complex food chains that are more difficult to control for contamination
  • Rapidly intensifying agriculture
33
Q

How does low-levels of biosecurity contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Reliance on veterinary drugs to mask poor husbandry

- Unsanitary slaughter, processing, retail facilities (especially in South East Asia)

34
Q

How do high-risk of pathogens contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Farms close to industrial pollution
  • Use of graywater
  • Poor livestock waste management
35
Q

How does lagging governance systems contribute to food-borne diseases?

A
  • Lack of traceability
  • Poorly regulated intensification
  • More demand for imported, processed foods
36
Q

What are the four agriculture-related risks for food-borne diseases?

A
  • Urbanization
  • Low levels of biosecurity
  • High-risk of pathogens
  • Lagging governance systems
37
Q

The % of hunger and undernutrition increasingly concentrated in _________ countries.

A

conflict-affected

38
Q

What factors spike the increase risk of civil conflict?

A
  • Climate change
  • Epidemics
  • Food prices
39
Q

What is the most direct determinant of food insecurity?

A

Poverty

40
Q

How does Guatemala compare to Latin America in terms of the Global Hunger Index by IFPRI and the Global Food Security Index by the Economist?

A

There is a gap between both countries in each index

41
Q

How is poverty usually measured?

A

By income or expenditure

42
Q

What dimensions does the multidimensional poverty assessment incorporates (apart from income and expenditure)?

A
  • Housing
  • Food
  • Employment
  • Education

3) Global Food Security (9 decks)

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