Food Poisoning Flashcards
What are the types of food borne infection
Bacteria
Whats the importance of the food environment that’s been infected with bacteria
The bacteria manipulates the environment for it to grow properly
Eg temp. pH. Xtnrl atmosphere, water activity
Eg off bacterial food borne infection
Salmonellosis
Campylobacteriosis
E. Coli infection
Shigellosis
Cholera
Yersinosis
Vibro parahemolyticus
Vibro vulnificus
Bacterial food infection commonly cause
Acute gastroenteritis which is short and self limiting
Gastroenteritis causes severe
Dehydration, loss of electrolytes
Features of E. Coli and which strain mainly causes infection
It’s a widely distributed pathogen
Enteropatjogenic E. coli
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Enteroinvasive E. coli
ETEC it’s features
It cause most of the travelers diahhrea in developing countries
It occupies the proximal small intestine and prosucces heat stable enterotoxin that causes fluid accumulation and cause diarrhea response after 1-2 days of incubation
The illness is mild & self limiting after 3-4 days
Humans are the principal reservoir
Antibiotics for enterotoxigenic E. coli is
Ciprofloxacin is used to limit it
Clinical features of ETEC
Watery diarrhea with no blood
Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Fever
Terohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a bacteria that can cause which leads to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.
haemorrhagic colitis,
Complications of EHEC infection include
bloody diarrhea, acute ulcerative or ischemic colitis, and Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS), which affects the kidneys.
EHEC can be found in raw milk and raw beef(how)
and it can be transferred to beef during the production process when it comes into contact with animal intestines.
The bacteria can also be transmitted by individuals who carry it and do not wash their hands properly after using the toilet.
EHEC is located in intestine
Bacillary Dysentery, also known as Shigellosis, is an infection caused by bacteria called
Shigellae
Shigellae are _____ rods closely related to E. coli and they invade the lining of the .
Gram-negative
colon
There are four main groups of Shigella bacteria namely
: Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella lexneri, Shigella boydi, and Shigella sonnei
Bacillary Dysentery spreads through contaminated food or flies, but the most important mode of transmission is through unwashed hands after defecation.
The clinical symptoms of Bacillary Dysentery include
fever, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and abdominal pain.
The illness typically starts ___to___ days after ingesting the bacteria and can last between ___to__& days.
The illness typically starts 1 to 4
4 to 7
Management of Bacillary Dysentery involves oral
rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes, and in severe cases, intravenous fluid replacement may be necessary.
Antibiotic therapy with ____ is recommended for treating Bacillary Dysentery.
ciprofloxacin
Salmonellosis is a foodborne infection caused by _____ bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tracts of
Salmonella
warm-blooded animals.
Types of salmonella bacteria
Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella entritidis, Salmonella choleraisus, and Salmonella infantis are the main types of Salmonella bacteria
A significant amount of bacteria (around 10,000 to 1,000,000 bacilli per gram of food) is required to cause an infection.
The incubation period for Salmonellosis is typically
12 to 24 hours.
Common foods linked to Salmonellosis include
raw meat, poultry products, eggs, dairy products, and pork.
Transmission can occur through
cross-contamination from raw food, particularly poultry
contaminated food contact surfaces (like cutting boards) or from food handlers. Vectors such as flies, cockroaches, and rats in the food environment can also contribute to transmission.
Clinical features of Salmonellosis
include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, and leucopenia (reduced white blood cell count).
Prevention measures include cooking food thoroughly, maintaining personal hygiene, and ensuring cleanliness of food contact surfaces.
There are viruses that can infect humans through the gastrointestinal tract.
These viruses can be found in the feces of infected individuals.
____, _____&_____are known to cause viral foodborne infections.
Hepatitis A virus, rotaviruses, and Norwalk viruses
Unlike bacteria, viruses do not multiply in food.
Viral foodborne infections can be transmitted through contaminated water or foods.
Shellfish grown in contaminated water can carry these viruses.
Features of hepatitis A
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus that causes a highly contagious liver infection.
The first major outbreak of Hepatitis A occurred in
And was linked to
China in 1988, where 3 million people were infected.
was linked to the consumption of food from an area contaminated with sewage
What countries have also had hepatitis outbreak
Australia, Brazil, Italy, and Spain.
Common foods that are often linked to Hepatitis A infection are those that have been washed with non-potable water, such as raw vegetables and raw seafood.
Ways of hepatitis a transition
Person to person
Cross contamination
Feaces
Common symptoms of hepatitis A
fever, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. These symptoms are typically followed by the development of jaundice within a few days.
Prevention of hepatitis a
Proper handling and cooking of food is important to prevent transmission.
It is advisable to avoid consuming raw seafood to reduce the risk of infection.
Personal hygiene practices,
The infection can cause liver damage, often due to the host’s immune response to the infection affecting liver cells.
Meaning?
Hepatitis A
Foodborne intoxication occurs
when pre-formed toxins are ingested through contaminated food.
Live organisms are not necessary for foodborne intoxication, and symptoms develop rapidly with a short incubation period.
Toxins responsible for foodborne intoxication can be categorized into
bio-toxicants, metabolic products (toxins produced by microorganisms), and poisonous substances.
What are Metabolic products
Metabolic products are toxins produced and excreted by microorganisms during their growth in food or the gastrointestinal tract.
Poisonous substances can contaminate food during production, processing, transportation, or storage.
Food borne intoxication can be caused by?
Foodborne intoxication can be caused by bacterial intoxication (toxins produced by bacteria), fungal intoxication (toxins produced by fungi), chemical intoxication (toxic chemical contamination), plant toxicants (toxins naturally present in certain plants), and poisonous animals/substances.
There are two main types of bacterial toxins that can cause intoxication:
enterotoxins and neurotoxins.
Enterotoxins primarily affect the_____
Rg
gastrointestinal tract (the gut) and can cause symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. An example of enterotoxin-related intoxication is staphylococcal intoxication,
Neurotoxins, on the other hand, primarily affect the____
Eg____ produced by_____ and causes
nervous system. One well-known example of neurotoxin-related intoxication is botulism
produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, can lead to muscle weakness, paralysis, and even respiratory failure.
Eg of other intoxications are?
Mycotoxicoses occur when individuals ingest mycotoxins, which are toxins produced by certain fungi.
shellfish poisoning, which can occur when people consume shellfish(algal poisoning)
TABLE
What’s fungal intoxication
These occur when we consume toxins called mycotoxins that are produced by fungi while they are growing in food. The foods most commonly involved are grains
oilseeds, fruits, and vegetables.
Aflatoxicosis. It is caused by ____ and produced by_____
aflatoxins, which are produced by fungi called Aspergillus flavis and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxicosis is usually a disease found in poultry.
The effects of aflatoxins on living organisms are?
Acute hemorrhagic syndrome: This occurs when a large amount of aflatoxin is consumed and can be lethal.
Histotoxic changes: These happen when medium doses of aflatoxin are consumed, and they can cause damage to tissues.
Liver tumors: Even small doses of aflatoxins can lead to the development of liver tumors. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, meaning they can cause cancer.