Amino Acids/Enzymes/Nucleic Acid Flashcards
Amino acids link together by_____groups to form_____bond
Amino group
Peptide bond
GSH Glutathione is a ___peptide
Tri
Vasopresin contains _____amino acid
9
Insulin has _____ seperate polypeptide chain
A having ______ amino acid and B having _____
They are held together by_____
The A chain haa an additional disulfide bridge that holds ___ amino acid in a chain?
2 seperate
21 amino
30 amino
Disulfide bridge
6 amino acid
Peptide bond formation is a type of ______ reaction
Dehydration
Conjugate proteins that require organic cofactor is called___&&
Coenzyme
Conjugate proteins that require inorganic cofactor is called___
Activator
Digestive enzymes are known as?
Zygogens /inactive enzymes
How does enzymes catalyze a reaction that’s different from non enzyme catalyst
It’s replaces the large activation barrier with multiple lower activation barrier
Optimum temp for enzymes in the body is
37
Among the 6 classes of enzymes which catalyzes one substrate rxn?
Hydrolase, Isomerase, Lyases
The kinetic eqn describing the kinetic properties of one substrate rxn is called?
Michael menten eqn
Allopurinol serves as enzyme inhibitor against _______ which is used to treat?
Xanthine oxidase
Arthritis
______ is structurally similar to vitamin K and acts as an anticoagulant by competitively inhibiting vitamin K
Dicoumarol
Example of non competitive enzymes inhitors are?
Cyanide, fluoride iodoacemate
The key enzymes of heme synthesis ALA Synthase is auto regulated by the ______ by _____ method
Heme
Repression
Glucokinase is regulated by insulin through ______ method
Induction
Zymogen enzymes activation by partial proteolysis is an example of ______ regulation of enzymes
Covalent modification
What’s the meaning of ALP
ALP are found in?
An increase in ALP is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme
Alkaline phosphate
bone, liver, kidney, intestinal wall, lactating mammary gland and placenta
rickets and osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, paget’s disease of bone, obstructive jaundice, and metastatic carcinoma And obstructive liver Disease
It an enzyme which hydrolyze phosphate esters at an alkaline pH.
What’s the meaning of ACP
ACP are found in?
An increase in ACP is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme
Acid phosphate
prostate, liver, red cells, platelets and bone.
Metastatic bone disease and prostate cancer
Acid phosphatases catalyzing the hydrolysis of various phosphate esters at acidic pH
What’s the meaning of AST
AST are found in?
An increase in AST is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme
Aspertate amino Transferetase or GOT glutamate oxaloacetate tranfereretase
heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and erythrocytes,
Hepatic disease: Parenchimal liver disease
IT catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartic acid to α- ketoglutarate forming glutamate and oxaloacetate
What’s the meaning of ALT
ALT are found in?
An increase in ALT is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme
Alanine amino Transferetase or GPT glutamate pyruvate Transferetase
in liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, kidney and heart
parenchymal disease and myocardial damage respectively or In liver damage
GPT Transfer the amino group of alanine to α- ketoglutarate, forming glutamate and pyruvate.
What’s the meaning of LDH
LDH are found in?
An increase in LDH is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme
Lactate hydrogenaese
in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain and erythrocytes.
myocardial infarction, acute leukemias, generalized carcinomatosis and in acute hepatitis
catalyzes the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate.
What’s the meaning of CK
CK are found in?
An increase in CK is might indicate what diseases
Creatine kinase
CK (CPK) is found in heart muscle brain and skeletal muscle. Measurement of serum creatine phosphokinase activity is of value in the diagnosis of disorders affecting skeletal and cardiac muscle
Meaning of GGT
it’s found in
It’s increase signifies what disease
Gamma glutamate Transferetase
Liver RBC
Obstructive ana Alcohoic liver
IT’S AN ENZYME THAT HELPS IN HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE SHUNT PATHWAY
The acidic component of nuclei is called
Which is a polymer and the monomer is called?
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
A single nucleotide is made of ___ components, namely?
3
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
The pentose sugar in nucleotide are______ & ______
And what are the differences?
Ribose and deoxyribose
Ribose OH in C2
Deoxyribose only
Nitrogenous base are classified into?
Purine and pyrimidine
Pyrimidine are ___ member heterocyclic ______ ring
6 member
Aromatic ring
Example of pyrimidine are?
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
All common pyrimidine in DNA and RNA have a ______ group at C2
Keto
Pyrimidine can exist in either ___ or _____ form
Keto (lactam) or Enol (lactim) form
Purine or pyrimidine base is connected to the deoxyribose or ribose via_____ bond between ____ of the purine and ____ of pyrimidine and Cl of the pentose sugar
N-glycosidic bond
N9 of purine and N1 of pyrimidine
Neucloside are purine or pyrimidine bases attached to ______
Pentose sugar
Both purine and pyrimidine undergo keto-enol traumerization and this contributes to______
Mutation
In purine which traumerization is more common
Keto-
Phosphate is attached by _____ linkage to a hydroxyl group on the sugar usually at ___ or ____ OH
Ester linkage to a hydroxyl group
5 or 3 OH
Examples of purine beses are?
Adenine and guanine
What are the nucleotides which are present in the body but not in the structure of nucleic acid?
Hypo xanthine and xanthine
What links two nucleotides together?
And what is it’s orientation?
Phosphdiester link
5 OH of first links with 3 OH of next
5 - 3 orientation from left to right
Who was the first to propose that A+G=C+T or A= T and G= C in ____ year
E. Chargaff in 1950
Watson and crick model of DNA is?
In 1953
2 poly nucleotide strands wounded together and runs anti parallel to each other
One strand runs 5-3 direction and the other 3-5 direction
AT Pair (2 bond) and GC pair (3 bond)
Watson and crick form of DNA is known as?
B-beta form DNA
What’s the major difference between A and B form (Nucleic Acid) DNA?
A- form nucleic acid has C3 endo- conformation while B-form has C2
There are how many types of nucleic acid forms(DNA) ?
B- form(most common) —-Right handed, 0.34nm distance
A-form—-Right handed duplex with a shorter base pair distance
Z-form—- left handed helical structure
A B and Z forms of nucleic acid has ____ base pairing per turn?
A– 11
B–10
Z–12
RNA is a ____ stranded nucleic acid?
What are the types and function?
Single
mRNA– temporarily copies information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery
rRNA – it’s the core of molecular Marchienery which is used to make protein
tRNA– Brings amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Clover leef( secondary)
L-shape(tertiary)
What are the bases for DNA and RNA?
A, T,G, C
A, U,G, C
What are the factors that stabilizes DNA?
Electrostatic force
Hydrophobic force
H-bonds
Stacking interaction
What determines the melting temp of a DNA?
G+C content becuz it has the highest bond i.e 3 bond
Ionic strength
Agents that disrupt the stacking order
____ solutions affected DNA @__ pH
And what is affected?
Acidic @ 4pH
Beta glycosidic bond of purine are hydrolyzed
RNA is very unstable in _____ because of _____
Alkaline solution
It hydrolysis the phosphodiester back bone
What’s central dogma of biology?
The flow of information from DNA—-RNA—-PROTEINS
of the 20 amino acids are synthesized in the body? (nonessential amino acids)
11
Many of the nonessential amino acids are synthesized by ?
transamination reactions,
in which an amino group is added to an a-ketoacid to produce an amino acid.
Major importance of vitamin B12?
Maturation of RBC
