Carbohydrate Flashcards
Examples of monosacharide are?
Ribose, glucose, fructose, ribulose
Monosacharide can either have ___ or____ fictional group?
Aldose(aldehyde) or ketone
The lowest monosacharide in aldose and ketone form is?
TRIOSE–Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
Xylose and Ribose has how many C atom?
5C atoms
What’s Fisher projection?
method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on a page
By using lines
How do you identify D and L Isomers?
If the OH on the last carbon points left it’s an L Isomers
And right a D Isomer
Aldotetrose has how many sterioisomers?
Using 2^n
n=2
Ans= 4
Aldohexose has how many sterioisomers?
Ans= 16
2^4
The human body only functions with ____ Isomers of carbohydrates?
D Isomers
What are Haworth structures?
There are chemical structures depicted without C or H only lines
What’s Isomerism?
This is when a compound has the same molecular weight and formula but had different properties
What’s structural Isomerism?
Has the same molecular formula by different structure
What’s stereo Isomerism?
See structural formula bt different spacial configuration
Stereo Isomer can be divided into?
Geometric (cis and trans) and
Optical (D and L)
What’s a racemic mixsture?
Racemic mixture is when a mixture contains equal amount of d and l Isomers therefore having no optical activity due to them cancelling each other out
What’s enantiomer?
When two Isomers rotates the plane-polatized light in a quality and opposite direction
What’s Diasterioisomer?
And Mesotype Diasterioisomer
When the amount of rotation is not equal
When the isomer does not rotate at all
Glucose is also referred to as?
Dextrose because it’s a D isomer
What’s empimerism?
When Isomers are different only in the configuration of a single C other than the reference C
1–Glucose and ____ are empimers which only differ at ___
2–Glucose and ____ are empimers which only differ at ___
Mannose at C2
Galactose at C4
The mutarotaion of Fisher projection gives?
Haworth projection
What’s mutarotaion?
Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation because of the change in the equilibrium between two anomers.
What the importance of mutarotaion?
Glucose test with glucose oxidase
What’s tautomerism?
Is a condition in which two Isomers are converted into another and are United in equilibrium
Glucose in mild alkaline solution is converted into?
And the transformation is called?
Fructose qnd mannose
Lobry de bruyn vanEkensein transformation
Why does glycosides not reduce Benedict reagnts?
And how can it be solved?
Because the sugar group is masked
It can be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute acid so the sugar can be free and reduce Cu in Benedict reagnt
Which monosacharide doesn’t reduce Benedict reagent?
Sucrose
What’s the biomedical importance of (deoxy sugar— removing O2 from the OH group of sugar)
Deoxy sugar like L- fructose is present in blood group antigens and many other glycoprotein
Deoxy ribosomes is present in nucleic acid
In an alkaline medium sugar is oxidized to ______ and Cu^2 is reduced to Cu^+
With what color change?
Enediol
From blue to brick red
Aldehyde group are oxidized to_____ while cyclic hemiacetal to ______ by SIlver AMmonia(Tollens Reagent)
Aldoric acid and lactose
Silver reagent
_____ is used to differentiate sugars in biological fluid? Eg Urine
OSAZONE
Sugar (except sucrose) + EXCESS phenylthydrazine and high temp= osazone
Dehydration of monosacharide( heated with strong acid) leads to the formation of?
Molish’s test
Furfural derivatives
When glucose undergoes molish’s test it forms?
Hydroxyl Methyl furfural
Honey contains inverted sugar
And inverted sugar is sweeter than sucrase
Polysacharide usually have _____ taste?
Tasteless
Examples of Homopolysacharide and Hetero are?
I, G, Dex, Cellu, strach, Chitin
Agar(agon😂), Proteoglycan
Starch is composed of ____&_____
Amylose (soluble in water)
amd Amylopectin (insoluble in water) and forms gell
What’s the difference between amylose and Amylopectin?
Amylose– has glucose of 1,4 gly Bond and are unbranded, soluble in H2O
Amylopectin– has glucose of 2,6 gly Bond and are branched, insoluble in H2O
Starch forms ____ coloured complex with_____(sensitive test)
Blue
Iodine
Why is strach not a reducing agent?
Because the free sugar group are negligible in number
Salivary and pancreatic amylase breaks down 1,4 gly Bond in starch until it stops at?
Maltose
What’s limit dextrin or residual dextrin?
This is what’s left when Beta amylase of plants act on starch breaking bown the 1,4gly Bond in amylose and stopping and leaving the 1-6 gly Bond in Amylopectin
Innermost core of glycogen is_____&
Glycogenin
Btw glycogen and Amylopectin which is more branched and compact?
Glycogen
Cellulose is made up of glucose linked together by ____ bond
Beta 1,4 glycosidic Bond
With no branching
Inulin is composed of _____ linked together by_____ and is used for?
D-Fructose
Beta 1,2 linkage
It’s used for renal clearance value and glumerular filtartion Rate
Dextran is composed of ____ which are linked by______
And it’s uses
Glucose
1,6—1,4—1,3 links
To treat hypovolumic shock