Food Animal Metabolic: Ketosis Flashcards
What is the most common metabolic dz in dairy cattle?
Ketosis
When do ketotic episodes happen in a dairy cow?
During EARLY LACTATION.
That transition period (3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition)
Using a urine dipstick you see moderate to large numbers, how would you tx and what ddx should you be thinking about?
Tx: IV dextrose/oral glucose precursors.
Transfaunation if rumen failure
ddx: Fatty liver If ketosis persists
Energy metabolism in ruminants is dependent upon what amino acids?
VFA’s produced by fermentation
(4:1 ketogenic: glucogenic)
What substance is ketogenic?
ACETATE (70%)
BUTYRATE (10%)
What substance is glucogenic?
PROPRIONATE (20%)
Where does the energy supply for ruminants come from?
Glucose from gluconeogenesis (50% from proprionic acid)
What causes negative energy balance in a cow?
Genetically high milk producers (1’ ketosis)
Decreased rumen vol and appetence
Dry cow diet
Poorly balanced rations leading to SARA
What causes insufficient energy production?
Excessive butryate in silage.
- Pathway: Dz –> decreased intake –> mastitis, metritis, DA (2’ ketosis)*
- If you see a thin cow, its on a poor diet and is doing through starvation ketosis.*
What are the energy substrates for ruminants?
Glycogen
Triglycerides
T/F: FA can be converted to Glucose.
SUPER FALSE!!!
Cannot be converted to glucose! FA are used to make ATP via the B-oxidation in mitochondria.
How is Glycogen turned into glucagon?
It is hydrolyzed
What CS will you see with Ketosis?
Decreased milk production
Decreased appetite, wt loss, activity
Fruity smell to breath
Wasting Ketosis
Nervous Ketosis
How do you diagnose Ketosis?
Serum BHB (BHBA; N<1.0mmol/L)
***GOLD STANDARD
- Subclinical is >1.0 to 1.4mmol/L*
- Clinical is >2.5 to 3mmol/L*
- Can also have ketones in milk, ketonuria*
T/F: There are no homornal responses to having negative energy balance.
SUPER FALSE!!!
- Decreased insulin.*
- Increased* glucagon, GH, cortisol, catecholamine
Will also see high NEFA, Hypoglycemia, and Ketonemia/uria.