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LAM II km > Food Animal Metabolic: Ketosis > Flashcards

Food Animal Metabolic: Ketosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common metabolic dz in dairy cattle?

A

Ketosis

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2
Q

When do ketotic episodes happen in a dairy cow?

A

During EARLY LACTATION.

That transition period (3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition)

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3
Q

Using a urine dipstick you see moderate to large numbers, how would you tx and what ddx should you be thinking about?

A

Tx: IV dextrose/oral glucose precursors.

Transfaunation if rumen failure

ddx: Fatty liver If ketosis persists

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4
Q

Energy metabolism in ruminants is dependent upon what amino acids?

A

VFA’s produced by fermentation

(4:1 ketogenic: glucogenic)

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5
Q

What substance is ketogenic?

A

ACETATE (70%)

BUTYRATE (10%)

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6
Q

What substance is glucogenic?

A

PROPRIONATE (20%)

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7
Q

Where does the energy supply for ruminants come from?

A

Glucose from gluconeogenesis (50% from proprionic acid)

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8
Q

What causes negative energy balance in a cow?

A

Genetically high milk producers (1’ ketosis)

Decreased rumen vol and appetence

Dry cow diet

Poorly balanced rations leading to SARA

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9
Q

What causes insufficient energy production?

A

Excessive butryate in silage.

  • Pathway: Dz –> decreased intake –> mastitis, metritis, DA (2’ ketosis)*
  • If you see a thin cow, its on a poor diet and is doing through starvation ketosis.*
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10
Q

What are the energy substrates for ruminants?

A

Glycogen

Triglycerides

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11
Q

T/F: FA can be converted to Glucose.

A

SUPER FALSE!!!

Cannot be converted to glucose! FA are used to make ATP via the B-oxidation in mitochondria.

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12
Q

How is Glycogen turned into glucagon?

A

It is hydrolyzed

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13
Q

What CS will you see with Ketosis?

A

Decreased milk production

Decreased appetite, wt loss, activity

Fruity smell to breath

Wasting Ketosis

Nervous Ketosis

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14
Q

How do you diagnose Ketosis?

A

Serum BHB (BHBA; N<1.0mmol/L)

***GOLD STANDARD

  • Subclinical is >1.0 to 1.4mmol/L*
  • Clinical is >2.5 to 3mmol/L*
  • Can also have ketones in milk, ketonuria*
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15
Q

T/F: There are no homornal responses to having negative energy balance.

A

SUPER FALSE!!!

  • Decreased insulin.*
  • Increased* glucagon, GH, cortisol, catecholamine

Will also see high NEFA, Hypoglycemia, and Ketonemia/uria.

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16
Q

How do you tx Ketosis?

A
  1. Establish a positive energy balance
  2. Propylene glycol
  3. IV glucose
    * For an individual animal can give glucocorticoids to increase gluconeogenesis and decrease milk production.*
17
Q

T/F: Nervous Ketosis is a medical emergency.

A

True.

18
Q

When does blood BHB levels rise?

A

At beginning of lactation

19
Q

How does a transition diet work?

A

last 3 weeks (cows) to last 5 weeks (heifers) of pregnancy and 1st 3-4 weeks of lactation

Feed Low calorie far-off diet (hay)

Feed Higher calorie close-up diet (concentrate)

20
Q

When measuring and monitoring blood BHB, at what level would you become concerned?

A

Its a herd problem if >10%.

21
Q

When does NEFA respond in a healthy cow?

A

<325 uEq/L if >14 days BEFORE calving

<425 uEq/L if 2-14 days BEFORE CALVING

Higher NEFA means severe negative energy balance

22
Q

What components are part of the feed analysis?

A

Measuring nutrient content of feed ingredients

Dry matter

Fiber

Crude protein

Energy

23
Q

What can contribute to a protein energy malnutrition?

A

Overcrowding

group dynamics

inadequate nutrition

ambient tmeperature

DZ

Genetics

Parasitism

24
Q

T/F: Fetal growth is not affected when the Dam is going through PEM?

A

True

Fetal growth not affected due to mobilization of dams lipids/proteins.

25
Q

T/F: Pregnant animals are not affected by PEM.

A

False

They are the most severely affected by PEM.

26
Q

Which of the following _is not_a serum ketone body found on a clinical ketosis cow?

a. Acetone
b. BHBA
c. Acetoacetate
d. Cholesterol

A

d. Cholesterol

Slide #13

27
Q

T/F: There is no signs of Hypoglycemia in a ketotic cow.

A

False.

Can see hypoglycemia

Main features of ketosis is hypoglycemia and high NEFA

28
Q

A low “physiologic” level of ketone bodies is always present in the bloodstream of a cow. These ketone bodies are mainly derived from which of the following?

a. propionic acid
b. lactic acid
c. acetic acid and Butyric acid
d. BHB and acetone
e. NEFA

A

C. Acetic acid and butyric acid

29
Q

What is the main beneficial effect of steroids as part of the tx of ketosis in cattle?

a. stimulates food intake
b. induces gluconeogenesis
c. increases milk production
d. stimualtes NEFA production
e. activates hormone sensitive lipase

A

b. induces gluconeogenesis

Slide #25

30
Q

Which of the following cannot be used a precursor of glucose in ruminants?

a. amino acids
b. NEFA
c. glycerol
d. propionic acid
e. propylene glycol

A

b. NEFA

31
Q

Know this Pathway!!!

A
32
Q

Know this too!!!

A
33
Q
A

LAM II km (13 decks)

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