Diarrhea: Neonatal poops Flashcards
What is considered the most important defense against D+?
Colostrum
How much colostrum is required for it to be helpful?
150-200g IgG REQUIRED
What is the amount and by what time should you be tube/bottle feeding a calf?
4L (10% BW) by 2hours post calving
What are reasons for low volume intake?
- Thats just how they naturally suck. (Holsteins about 2.4L instead of 4L)
- mom is going through post partum depression?
- Udder/teat are not in a great conformation (pendulous [ow?!])
- Fetal/maternal disproportion
T/F: Clostrum replaces from bovine colostrum does not have as mnay maternal GF as the real thing.
Super False!!!
THey have MANY GF and immune factors
What can be done to help calf gut health for the 1st 2-3weeks of life?
Blood based prodcuts can be fed to calves for localized gut support post-passive transfer
What can lead to poor quality colostrum?
delay in milking
colostrum leakage prior to calving
dry period is <20d
induction of parturition
1st and 2nd lactation
Ig vol of 1st milking colostrum (Dilution)
Breed (Holsteins have low quality)
Pooling dilutes Ig and spreads Disease
What other factors can affect the quality of colostrum?
- lymphocytes that are in the calfs bloodstream
- insulin-like GF
- IgA providing local immune protection
At what moment in time does a cow have the chance of having FPT (Failure of passive transfer) of her colostrum?
Fresh cows milked >6h after calving
What 3 qualtiies of colostrum can be classified as being FPT?
- Refigerated colostrum >7d
- Frozen colostrum >1yr
- Frozen colostrum >1 freeze-thaw-cycle
You have bacT count on some colostrum clocking at a count >2mil cfu/ml and a fecal coliform registering at a count of <9,500 cfu/ml. From these results is the colostrum good or poor quality?
Poor quality it has FPT.
FPT =
excessive bact contam of colostrum total bact count of >1mil cfu/ml and/or fecal coliform count at <10,000 cfu/ml
T/F: Calves don’t routinely get 4qt of 1st milk colostrum or 1 pkg of replacer within 4h of birth.
True
Name other reasons a colostrum can have predisposing factors of FPT:
- unobserved calving
- colostrum replacement/supplement mixed with colostrum
- shortage of colostrum
- routinely pooled colostrum
- fresh cow health is poor
How should colostrum be stored?
Room temp 1d
Refrigerate 1 week
Frozen at 20o C (-4oF)
THAW AT A LOW TEMPERATURE…DO NOT MICROWAVE!!!
Why is passive immunity interference against a vaccine response not absolute?
Because it depends on the Antigen and level of circulating Antibodies.
At what day does colostrum have passive immunity?
Min values at 60d
T/F: immunological competence appears at birth but doesn’t reach max levels before 2-3mo.
True
E. coli K99 fimbrae adhere to…
Enterocytes
T/F: E.coli is not a heat stable enterotoxin.
Super False!!!
Super heat stable enterotoxin
E. coli K99 _________cyclic AMP and GMP, thereby having _______ secretion of Na+, Cl- and _________ NaHCO3.
Increases
Active
High
What are 3 risk factors of being dx with E. Coli K99?
- physiologic “high pH’ in abomasum (acid sterilizer) 1st 24-48h (this facilitates bact growth)
- Unhygienic conditions (super ew)
- Inadequate colostrum protection
What are some CS of E. coli?
D+ (secretory)
deH, Hypovolemic shock
Hypothermia
Hypoglycemia
wekaness
sunken eyes, skin tent
What other evaluation must you perform when dealing with an E. coli k99 case?
FPT evaluation
How do you Dx E. coli K99?
Radioimmune assay (RIA) Gold Standard but $$$
Na+ sulfate precipitation test (precipitation in all dilutions REQUIRED)
- not influenced by inflam and deH*
- precipitate in 18% only = <500mg/dL*
- precipitate in 18% and 16% = 500-1000mg/dL*
- precipitate in 18%, 16%, and 14% = >1500mg/dL*
You dx a calf with E. coli, and you did a chem panel that measures GGT at 45 IU/L. What can you confirm with these results?
FPT
Serum GGT <50 IU/L = FPT
What is commonly measured in the Farm Setting?
TP
Should be >5.5g/dL within 1st week of life
You perform a blood gas on an E.coli K99 case. What metabolic changes can you expect?
Hyponatremic
Hypochloremic
Metabolic acidosis
Hypoglycemic
Hyperkalemic
How would you treat E. coli K99?
IV fluids (alkalinizing, multisol, LRS)
Can give isotonic bicarb if blood pH <7.2
Glucose to final 2.5%
Electrolytes PO 1st 24-48h
Caffeine 200mg SID
Colostrum of lower quality for local protection
When treating E. coli K99 and administering Electrolytes PO, what else should be given afterwards:
milk 4-6x/d at 10-20% BW
Abx if septicemic
NSAIDs will decrease GI secretion
How do you prevent E. coli K99?
Coliform mastitis vax
K99 Antibiotic at birth (bovine ecolizer)
Rota//corona/C. perfringens type C/E.coli K99, give 2 injections to pregnant cow (bump up colostrum)
EXCELLENT MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENE
Hight quality and quantity of colostrom
How is rotavirus spread?
Via carrier animals (group housing), fecal-oral route
Protection from Rotavirus is dependent on……
COLOSTRUM antibodies in bowel lumen…. Will see CS after 5d
Rotavirus is seen in which types of calves?
30% in Normal asymptomatic calves
Pathogenesis of Rotavirus? What does it cause?
Damage to intestinal villi →maldigestion/malabsorption→Voluminous D+ (bloody or mucoid)
How long does it take enterocytes to recover from Rotavirus?
7-10d for new enterocytes to mature and differentiate…D+ will continue even after pathogen is under control.
How do you Dx Rotavirus?
EM and latex agglutination
How do you treat Rotavirus?
The same as ETEC
How do you prevent Rotavirus?
Vax the cow
Seperate hutches
Hygiene
Prolonged colostrum feedings
E. coli 0157:H7 is what type of bact?
Enterohermorrhagic (food borne)
What does E. coli 0157:H7 produce?
Shiga toxin
T/F: E. coli 0157:H7 is not pathogenic to humans.
Super False!!!
Very Pathogenic to humans, can cause post-D+ hemolytic uremic syndrome
Who is asymptomatic carriers for E. coli 0157:H7?
cattle/other carriers (domestic wildlife spp.)
How is E. coli 0157:H7 transmitted?
Food and water, unpasteurized milk
Give me some prevalence rates for E. coli 0157:H7
feedlot cattle 0.3-19%
Cattle on irrigated pasture 0.7-28%
Cattle in grazing rangeland forages 0.9-7%
Cattle at slaughter 0.2-28%
What type of vax is available for E. coli 0157:H7?
SRP vax under limited licensing
Blocks Fe receptor
When can calves get Coronavirus?
Occurs later in OLDER CALVES
What can Coronavirus cause?
Severe intestinal pathology which leads to chronic malabsorption and progressive emaciation
T/F: Coronavirus plays a role in BRD complex
True
T/F: Coronavirus can cause spring dysentery
Super False!!!
Winter Dysentery
What CS do you see with Coronavirus?
D+ in piglets, snots in camelids (URT infections)
T/F: Cryptosporidium is not zoonotic
SUper FALSE!!!
ZOONOTIC!!!
How is cryptosporidium transmitted?
Fecal-oral and aerosol transmission
What is life stage is infective with Cryptosporidium?
The sporulated oocysts in feces are immediately infective
For how long do symptoms of cryptosporidium last?
D+ lasts 7-10 days and starts at 5d of age (No incubation period)
How do you Dx cryptosporidium?
fecal float
acid fast stain
How to tx cryptosporidium?
NO TREATMENT, SUPPORTIVE LIKE ETEC
How do you prevent cryptosporidium?
Hygiene
hutches
adequate colostrom
its a resistant SOB!!!!
Salmonella affects……
All species of all ages
How do you dx salmonella?
Will see golden yellow feces
PM and culture (GB and feces)
How do you treat salmonella?
Same as ETEC
Careful with Abx, risk carrier state and drug resistant strain (Flunixin)
What is the pathogenesis for salmonella?
oral infetion →invades intestinal wall→mesenteric lnn→localizes GB and Spleen
Salmonella causes__________, ___________, _______________.
Severe enteritis (BLOOD, mucous, fibrin cast)
Endotoxemia
Septicemia
T/F: abortion is possible with a salmonella infection.
True
How do you control a salmonella outbreak?
Hygiene!!!!
Keep contaminated areas clean
Which of the following about Salmonella is incorrect?
a. vax cows 7 to 10 wks before calving
b. vax calves at 1wk age and repeat in 3 wks
c. Hygiene is the biggest form of control
d. S. dublin-typhurium bacterin give golden yellow feces.
A. vax cows between 7-10wks before calving
False. Need to vax cows 6 and 4 weeks before calving
Which of the following is incorrect about clostridium perfringens?
a. It is a gram + anaerobic spore-forming rod
b. It is known as over eating dz or pulpy kidney dz
c. increases intestinal motility causing D+
d. Its everywhere in environment so most calves get exposed
e. Larger than normal amount of CHO and protein in feed supports the spore formation
C. increases intestinal motility causing D+
False. It actually decreases intestinal motility
Clostridium Type A is not associated with:
a. young calves that get abomasitis and abomasal tympany
b. feedlot cattle with hemorrhagic bowl syndrome
c. Dairy cows with acute death syndrome and acidosis
d. A and B are not associated.
e. B and C are not associated.
e. B and C
* I flipped their descriptions*
feedlot cattle will develop acute death syndrome with rumen acidosis
dairy cattle will develop hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (jejunum)
Which type of clositrdium is considered the 3rd most lethal clostridial toxin after botulism and tetanus?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type C
D. Type D
E. Type E
D. Type D
How would you treat type Clostridium perfringens Type A?
with toxoid or antitoxin to calf
Clostridium perfringens Types B and C are destroyed by ____________. The ___________ _____________ is found in ______________ and early milk.
Trypsin
Trypsin inhibitor
Colostrum
At what age would you see hemorrhagic enterocolitis from C. perfringens Type B and C?
<2 wks old
How is C. perfringens Type D transmitted?
Its an epsilon toxin that is absorbed into blood stream causing enterotoxemia.
At what age would you see hemorrhagic enterocolitis from C. perfringens Type D?
Calves 1-4mo old.
will also see enterotoxemia
Which of the following is not a form of preventing C. perfringens?
a. Pre-calving and annual vax
b. giving good colostrum
c. Feed more CHO/protein
d. Hygiene and management
c. feed more CHO/protein
Avoid overfeeding CHO/protein/milk
