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LAM II km > Diarrhea: Neonatal poops > Flashcards

Diarrhea: Neonatal poops Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered the most important defense against D+?

A

Colostrum

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2
Q

How much colostrum is required for it to be helpful?

A

150-200g IgG REQUIRED

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3
Q

What is the amount and by what time should you be tube/bottle feeding a calf?

A

4L (10% BW) by 2hours post calving

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4
Q

What are reasons for low volume intake?

A
  1. Thats just how they naturally suck. (Holsteins about 2.4L instead of 4L)
  2. mom is going through post partum depression?
  3. Udder/teat are not in a great conformation (pendulous [ow?!])
  4. Fetal/maternal disproportion
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5
Q

T/F: Clostrum replaces from bovine colostrum does not have as mnay maternal GF as the real thing.

A

Super False!!!

THey have MANY GF and immune factors

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6
Q

What can be done to help calf gut health for the 1st 2-3weeks of life?

A

Blood based prodcuts can be fed to calves for localized gut support post-passive transfer

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7
Q

What can lead to poor quality colostrum?

A

delay in milking

colostrum leakage prior to calving

dry period is <20d

induction of parturition

1st and 2nd lactation

Ig vol of 1st milking colostrum (Dilution)

Breed (Holsteins have low quality)

Pooling dilutes Ig and spreads Disease

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8
Q

What other factors can affect the quality of colostrum?

A
  1. lymphocytes that are in the calfs bloodstream
  2. insulin-like GF
  3. IgA providing local immune protection
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9
Q

At what moment in time does a cow have the chance of having FPT (Failure of passive transfer) of her colostrum?

A

Fresh cows milked >6h after calving

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10
Q

What 3 qualtiies of colostrum can be classified as being FPT?

A
  1. Refigerated colostrum >7d
  2. Frozen colostrum >1yr
  3. Frozen colostrum >1 freeze-thaw-cycle
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11
Q

You have bacT count on some colostrum clocking at a count >2mil cfu/ml and a fecal coliform registering at a count of <9,500 cfu/ml. From these results is the colostrum good or poor quality?

A

Poor quality it has FPT.

FPT =

excessive bact contam of colostrum total bact count of >1mil cfu/ml and/or fecal coliform count at <10,000 cfu/ml

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12
Q

T/F: Calves don’t routinely get 4qt of 1st milk colostrum or 1 pkg of replacer within 4h of birth.

A

True

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13
Q

Name other reasons a colostrum can have predisposing factors of FPT:

A
  1. unobserved calving
  2. colostrum replacement/supplement mixed with colostrum
  3. shortage of colostrum
  4. routinely pooled colostrum
  5. fresh cow health is poor
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14
Q

How should colostrum be stored?

A

Room temp 1d

Refrigerate 1 week

Frozen at 20o C (-4oF)

THAW AT A LOW TEMPERATURE…DO NOT MICROWAVE!!!

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15
Q

Why is passive immunity interference against a vaccine response not absolute?

A

Because it depends on the Antigen and level of circulating Antibodies.

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16
Q

At what day does colostrum have passive immunity?

A

Min values at 60d

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17
Q

T/F: immunological competence appears at birth but doesn’t reach max levels before 2-3mo.

A

True

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18
Q

E. coli K99 fimbrae adhere to…

A

Enterocytes

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19
Q

T/F: E.coli is not a heat stable enterotoxin.

A

Super False!!!

Super heat stable enterotoxin

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20
Q

E. coli K99 _________cyclic AMP and GMP, thereby having _______ secretion of Na+, Cl- and _________ NaHCO3.

A

Increases

Active

High

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21
Q

What are 3 risk factors of being dx with E. Coli K99?

A
  1. physiologic “high pH’ in abomasum (acid sterilizer) 1st 24-48h (this facilitates bact growth)
  2. Unhygienic conditions (super ew)
  3. Inadequate colostrum protection
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22
Q

What are some CS of E. coli?

A

D+ (secretory)

deH, Hypovolemic shock

Hypothermia

Hypoglycemia

wekaness

sunken eyes, skin tent

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23
Q

What other evaluation must you perform when dealing with an E. coli k99 case?

A

FPT evaluation

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24
Q

How do you Dx E. coli K99?

A

Radioimmune assay (RIA) Gold Standard but $$$

Na+ sulfate precipitation test (precipitation in all dilutions REQUIRED)

  • not influenced by inflam and deH*
  • precipitate in 18% only = <500mg/dL*
  • precipitate in 18% and 16% = 500-1000mg/dL*
  • precipitate in 18%, 16%, and 14% = >1500mg/dL*
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25
Q

You dx a calf with E. coli, and you did a chem panel that measures GGT at 45 IU/L. What can you confirm with these results?

A

FPT

Serum GGT <50 IU/L = FPT

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26
Q

What is commonly measured in the Farm Setting?

A

TP

Should be >5.5g/dL within 1st week of life

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27
Q

You perform a blood gas on an E.coli K99 case. What metabolic changes can you expect?

A

Hyponatremic

Hypochloremic

Metabolic acidosis

Hypoglycemic

Hyperkalemic

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28
Q

How would you treat E. coli K99?

A

IV fluids (alkalinizing, multisol, LRS)

Can give isotonic bicarb if blood pH <7.2

Glucose to final 2.5%

Electrolytes PO 1st 24-48h

Caffeine 200mg SID

Colostrum of lower quality for local protection

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29
Q

When treating E. coli K99 and administering Electrolytes PO, what else should be given afterwards:

A

milk 4-6x/d at 10-20% BW

Abx if septicemic

NSAIDs will decrease GI secretion

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30
Q

How do you prevent E. coli K99?

A

Coliform mastitis vax

K99 Antibiotic at birth (bovine ecolizer)

Rota//corona/C. perfringens type C/E.coli K99, give 2 injections to pregnant cow (bump up colostrum)

EXCELLENT MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENE

Hight quality and quantity of colostrom

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31
Q

How is rotavirus spread?

A

Via carrier animals (group housing), fecal-oral route

32
Q

Protection from Rotavirus is dependent on……

A

COLOSTRUM antibodies in bowel lumen…. Will see CS after 5d

33
Q

Rotavirus is seen in which types of calves?

A

30% in Normal asymptomatic calves

34
Q

Pathogenesis of Rotavirus? What does it cause?

A

Damage to intestinal villi →maldigestion/malabsorption→Voluminous D+ (bloody or mucoid)

35
Q

How long does it take enterocytes to recover from Rotavirus?

A

7-10d for new enterocytes to mature and differentiate…D+ will continue even after pathogen is under control.

36
Q

How do you Dx Rotavirus?

A

EM and latex agglutination

37
Q

How do you treat Rotavirus?

A

The same as ETEC

38
Q

How do you prevent Rotavirus?

A

Vax the cow

Seperate hutches

Hygiene

Prolonged colostrum feedings

39
Q

E. coli 0157:H7 is what type of bact?

A

Enterohermorrhagic (food borne)

40
Q

What does E. coli 0157:H7 produce?

A

Shiga toxin

41
Q

T/F: E. coli 0157:H7 is not pathogenic to humans.

A

Super False!!!

Very Pathogenic to humans, can cause post-D+ hemolytic uremic syndrome

42
Q

Who is asymptomatic carriers for E. coli 0157:H7?

A

cattle/other carriers (domestic wildlife spp.)

43
Q

How is E. coli 0157:H7 transmitted?

A

Food and water, unpasteurized milk

44
Q

Give me some prevalence rates for E. coli 0157:H7

A

feedlot cattle 0.3-19%

Cattle on irrigated pasture 0.7-28%

Cattle in grazing rangeland forages 0.9-7%

Cattle at slaughter 0.2-28%

45
Q

What type of vax is available for E. coli 0157:H7?

A

SRP vax under limited licensing

Blocks Fe receptor

46
Q

When can calves get Coronavirus?

A

Occurs later in OLDER CALVES

47
Q

What can Coronavirus cause?

A

Severe intestinal pathology which leads to chronic malabsorption and progressive emaciation

48
Q

T/F: Coronavirus plays a role in BRD complex

A

True

49
Q

T/F: Coronavirus can cause spring dysentery

A

Super False!!!

Winter Dysentery

50
Q

What CS do you see with Coronavirus?

A

D+ in piglets, snots in camelids (URT infections)

51
Q

T/F: Cryptosporidium is not zoonotic

A

SUper FALSE!!!

ZOONOTIC!!!

52
Q

How is cryptosporidium transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral and aerosol transmission

53
Q

What is life stage is infective with Cryptosporidium?

A

The sporulated oocysts in feces are immediately infective

54
Q

For how long do symptoms of cryptosporidium last?

A

D+ lasts 7-10 days and starts at 5d of age (No incubation period)

55
Q

How do you Dx cryptosporidium?

A

fecal float

acid fast stain

56
Q

How to tx cryptosporidium?

A

NO TREATMENT, SUPPORTIVE LIKE ETEC

57
Q

How do you prevent cryptosporidium?

A

Hygiene

hutches

adequate colostrom

its a resistant SOB!!!!

58
Q

Salmonella affects……

A

All species of all ages

59
Q

How do you dx salmonella?

A

Will see golden yellow feces

PM and culture (GB and feces)

60
Q

How do you treat salmonella?

A

Same as ETEC

Careful with Abx, risk carrier state and drug resistant strain (Flunixin)

61
Q

What is the pathogenesis for salmonella?

A

oral infetion →invades intestinal wall→mesenteric lnn→localizes GB and Spleen

62
Q

Salmonella causes__________, ___________, _______________.

A

Severe enteritis (BLOOD, mucous, fibrin cast)

Endotoxemia

Septicemia

63
Q

T/F: abortion is possible with a salmonella infection.

A

True

64
Q

How do you control a salmonella outbreak?

A

Hygiene!!!!

Keep contaminated areas clean

65
Q

Which of the following about Salmonella is incorrect?

a. vax cows 7 to 10 wks before calving
b. vax calves at 1wk age and repeat in 3 wks
c. Hygiene is the biggest form of control
d. S. dublin-typhurium bacterin give golden yellow feces.

A

A. vax cows between 7-10wks before calving

False. Need to vax cows 6 and 4 weeks before calving

66
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about clostridium perfringens?

a. It is a gram + anaerobic spore-forming rod
b. It is known as over eating dz or pulpy kidney dz
c. increases intestinal motility causing D+
d. Its everywhere in environment so most calves get exposed
e. Larger than normal amount of CHO and protein in feed supports the spore formation

A

C. increases intestinal motility causing D+

False. It actually decreases intestinal motility

67
Q

Clostridium Type A is not associated with:

a. young calves that get abomasitis and abomasal tympany
b. feedlot cattle with hemorrhagic bowl syndrome
c. Dairy cows with acute death syndrome and acidosis
d. A and B are not associated.
e. B and C are not associated.

A

e. B and C
* I flipped their descriptions*

feedlot cattle will develop acute death syndrome with rumen acidosis

dairy cattle will develop hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (jejunum)

68
Q

Which type of clositrdium is considered the 3rd most lethal clostridial toxin after botulism and tetanus?

A. Type A

B. Type B

C. Type C

D. Type D

E. Type E

A

D. Type D

69
Q

How would you treat type Clostridium perfringens Type A?

A

with toxoid or antitoxin to calf

70
Q

Clostridium perfringens Types B and C are destroyed by ____________. The ___________ _____________ is found in ______________ and early milk.

A

Trypsin

Trypsin inhibitor

Colostrum

71
Q

At what age would you see hemorrhagic enterocolitis from C. perfringens Type B and C?

A

<2 wks old

72
Q

How is C. perfringens Type D transmitted?

A

Its an epsilon toxin that is absorbed into blood stream causing enterotoxemia.

73
Q

At what age would you see hemorrhagic enterocolitis from C. perfringens Type D?

A

Calves 1-4mo old.

will also see enterotoxemia

74
Q

Which of the following is not a form of preventing C. perfringens?

a. Pre-calving and annual vax
b. giving good colostrum
c. Feed more CHO/protein
d. Hygiene and management

A

c. feed more CHO/protein

Avoid overfeeding CHO/protein/milk

75
Q
A

LAM II km (13 decks)

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