Bovine Guts/intestines Flashcards
Which of the following is incorrect about the lower digestine tract (small and large intestines)?
a. SI contains microbes, proteins, undigested fibers, sugars, and also material that was not absorbed by the abomasum.
b. It is the longest section of GIT, where most things are digested and absorbed.
c. Duodenum is the first section that mixes chyme and digestive fluids from GB and pancreas.
d. Jejunum is a short coiled middle section where chyme breakdown takes place.
e. Ileum is the site of Vit b absorption, also bile salts and products not absorbed by jejunum.
d. Jejunum is a short coiled middle section where chyme breakdown takes place.
Jejunum is a LONG coild middle section
sorry for the dick moves….still more to come.
What does the large intestine absorb?
Water, chyme, mucus, bact all to make a big pile of poooop.
T/F: the cecum is a blind gut which is the site of fiber digestion
True
What does the colon do?
extracts water and salt from waster before excretion.
no major role in nutrient absorption
chyme
The partially digested mass of food from the stomach
What does the rectum do?
its the pooper!
terminal portion of LI, stores solid waste!!!
Anus!
know you know im bored.
opeing for undigested food to be excreted
Which of the following is incorrect about the pancreas?
a. Exocrine gland that excretes through ducts to internal environment
b. Endocrine gland that has no ducts and releases hormones into interstitial spaces
c. produces enxymes to help breakdown fats, proteins, and acids in duodenum.
d. Produce hormones to help regulate blood insulin and glucagon
a. Exocrine gland that excretes through ducts to internal environment
Its external environment
what is bile?
a thick-greenish yellow digestive fluid, aids in the digestion fats.
Which of the following is false about the liver?
a. largest gland in the body
b. stores vit., Fe, glycogen, bile
c. Detox chem, pollutants, poisons
d. Connected to cecum, except in horses
d. Connected to cecum, except in horses
Connected to GB
What is the colon made up of?
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
What are the 2 forms of simple acute indigestion?
- Rumen indigestion (most common organ affect)
- Small intestine (gas in intestinal bowel -> colic)
Which of the following is false about small intestine indigestion?
a. usually isolated cases.
b. occurs during the first stage of lactation
c. most common cause of true colic in cows
b. occurs during the first stage of lactation
Occurs in any stage of lactation, however post partum cows have higher risk
How do you dx small intestine indigestion?
hx
CS
US
Rumen fluid analysis
Rule out other dz
What are some CS of indigestion?
Colic
Discomfort
kicking at belly
restlessness
bellowing
violent behavior
dancing
Rumen stasis/hypoactivity (typical but some will have increased but weak rumen contractions)
normothermic, tachycardia, tachypnic
Colic =
Small intestinal indigestion X mechanical small bowel obstruction
Which of the following is incorrect about cow colic?
a. extremely distended loops
b. fibrin/crepitus on rectal palp
c. Hypercalcemia and hyperchloremia are common
d. Bloody stool
e. deterioration in CV signs
c. Hypercalcemia and hyperchloremia are common
Hypocalcemia and hypochloremia are common
Which of the following is incorrect about treating small intestine indigestion/ cow colic?
a. Need to reestablish normal Gi motility and flora
b. need to evacuate GIT to eliminate the causative agent
c. Avoid escessive acidifying products
d. Somtimes can be self-limiting
e. can use mineral oil PO
f. Flunixin meglumine if in high discomfort
c. Avoid escessive acidifying products
Avoid excessive alkalanizing products
Which of the following is not true about Listeriosis?
a. It is a gram positive bact that shows neuro symptoms
b. The most reocgnized form is encephalitis or meningoencephalitis
c. Corn silage has an increaed ph >9 and facors bact growth
d. Once in the brainstem there is inflammation of vagal nucleus that regulates mastication and regugitation.
c. Corn silage has an increaed ph >9 and facors bact growth
Should be >5
also the cranial nerves affected from the nucleus is V, IX, X, and XII
T/F: can also have rumen stasis and vomination as well as severe dysphagia with listeriosis.
True
T/F: Obstructive dz of the small intestine is very common and occurs regularly enough to cause major problems economically.
SUPER FALSE.
Not common as forestomach and abomasal disorders.
Happens enough that we can learn from them.
What are some causes of obstructive dx of the small intestine?
These causes are seldomly obvious:
volvulus
torsion
intussusception (more in calves)
obstruction
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
Which of the following is not correct about obstructive dz of small intestine?
a. it is an acute onset of anorexia and GI stasis
b. Abdominal distention in the right ventral quadrant
c. can have absence of manure production
d. can have fluid distended bowel
e. metabolic acidosis in duodenum
e. metabolic acidosis in duodenum
metabolic alkalosis in duodenum
T/F: progressive deterioration decreases hydration, mentation, and heart rate
False
Increased hydration, attitude, heart rate
When does intussusception occur?
colic in first 12-24 hours then will se anorexia, no manure, deH, and abdominal distention
calves don’t show signs of colic in viral, bact, or parasitic infections. except with C. perfringens enteritis.
How would you Dx Obstructive disease of the small intestine?
Hx
CS
rectal palp
US
What is the DDx for obstructive disease of the small intestine?
Simple indigestion with gas and fluids
acute pylonphritis and other painful UTI
Cecal distention
Uterine torsion
Hematomas of Mesentery
What is the possible tx for obstructive dz of the small intestine?
Sx tx or salvage slaughter…
Anastamosis and in general sx have poor prognosis
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is also known as….
Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome
Relatively common in _________cattle. It is related to ________copper and or __________type A or _____________.
dairy
low
C. perfringens
Aspergillus fumigatus
How do you treat hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Sx if dx early, but has poor prognosis.
Otherwise PM dx due to sudden death
Which of the following is incorrect about Fat Necrosis?
a. It is hardening of mesentery and omentum causing partial/full extracellular intestinal obstruction.
b. Common to see fatty liver and chronic ketotic dairy cows and in Beef cattle in fescue pasture (winter grass)
c. Dx by US and Rads
d. Tx by resection of affected areas even if it has poor prognosis.
c. Dx by US and Rads
Dx by rectal palpation and US
What are some causes/theories for cecum and colon dilation and volvulus?
Modern dairy diet
fermentable feedstuffs
hypocalcemia
endotoxemia
indigestion
What is the pathway for cecumand colon dilation and volvulus?
Cecum dilation
severe dilation
cecum apex migrates to pelvic inlet
further distension
leads to rotation and torsion (clockwise)
Which of the following is not a CS of cecum and colonic dilation and volvulus?
a. inappetance
b. increased manure production
c. abdominal distension
d. reduced milk production
e. normal TPR
b. increased manure production
Reduced manure production
What is not a remarkable CS for cecum and colonic dilation and volvulus?
a. mild/moderate colic with rumen fx affected
b. hypocalcemia with intestinal motility reduced
c. Water retention due to twisted cecum/colon
d. Serum chloride
c. Water retention due to twisted cecum/colon
deH
Serum chloride not huge changes like with DA
HOw do you dx cecum and colonic dilation and volvulus?
Cs
ASCULTATION AND BALLOTTMENT
Ping right flank (dorsal caudal more evident) X DDx = RDA
Serum chloride
MUST RECTALLY PALPATE TO ID CECUM
Which of the following is not an appropriate form of tx for cecum and colonic dilation and volvulus?
a. Medically give laxative and ruminotorics daily with warm water
b. Give Ca solutions as needed
c. Sx if you see increase manure production, or increaed appetite
d. Sx anastamose the affected area, usually has good prognosis
e. A and B
f. C and D
f. C and D
Its all backwards.
Sx for little to no manure production
why would i anastamose anything, it was a bad idea before and its a bad idea now
Which of the following is incorrect about colonic obstructions?
a. sporadic in cattle
b. caused by regional inflammation
c. CS include large amts of manure, and low milk production
d. Tx includes corticosteroids and sx
e. poor prognosis
c. CS include large amts of manure, and low milk production
d. Tx includes corticosteroids and sx
Both are incorrect i know i know dick moves everywhere
Cs is low amount of manure
Tx is Abx and sx is difficult
Atresia coli is ___________ and __________ especially in _________.
Sporadic
Congenital
Holstein
What are some CS of Atresia coli?
Abd distension
tachycardia
no manure
anal sphincter and rectum are NORMAL
Normal appearence
They are drinking colostrum
You are a farmer and you suspect your calf may have atresia coli. What you looking for in the first 24-73h of life?
going off feed
abdominal distension
deH
+/- colic
Deteriorate (SEVERELY SICK by 5-7 days old)
How do you dx atresia coli?
US
IgG because even with colostrum can see low to no absoprtion. 50% chance + outcome.
How do you sx tx atresia coli?
surgically bypass the anastamose
Anatomic confusion
Relative large diameter section of proximal colon to the small diameter descending colon.
Which of the following is incorrect about atresia ani?
a. Occurs more often in piglets than cattle
b. Cs are seen right after birth
c. Rectal pull through technique is not a recommended form of tx
d. One of the main CS is not seeing them pass manure and seeing a rectal lumen bulges SQ where anus should be.
c. Rectal pull through technique is not a recommended form of tx
Freaking do this! way better outcome!!!
Which of the following is incorret about Pneumoperitoneum?
a. The free gas stuck in the peritoneal cavity is released once cut through peritoneum during celiotomy
b. Occurs after exploratory laparotomy
c. Rectal palpation is fairly easy
d. Abomasal perforation is more often related to pneumoperitoneum.
c. Rectal palpation is fairly easy
Rectal palp is difficult.
DX: PE, rectal palp, DDX of other dz by causing ping (especially if its bilateral in a situation like this)
How would you treat Pneumoperitoneum?
Nothing if mild case
Suction via needle in the right flank (be careful)
Fis perforated organ if possible
Abx +/-
Which of the following is incorrect about Peritonitis?
a. INfectino of peritnoeum has terrible absoprtion so you have to be careful
b. Can cause a whole bunch dz such as hardware, DA, abomasal ulcers, uterine perforation (dystocia)
c. Can be dx at necropsy as a cause of death
d. Can be dz with PE, rectal palp, US
a. INfectino of peritnoeum has terrible absoprtion so you have to be careful
Has excellent absorption
How can you treat peritonitis?
Heavy Abx therapy broad specturm, PPG high []
flunixin meglumine
Supportive therapy (fluids IV and oral)
Try to solve the cause of the leak/contamination
