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Dairy intro Flashcards

1
Q

Lactose is composed of?

A

Disaccharides (glucose and galactose)

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2
Q

Proteins are comprised of?

A

Caseins and whey protein

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3
Q

Which protein is the most important?

A

Caseins

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4
Q

What is the main lipid in “milk fat”?

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

What is the limit for total bacteria in milk, the limit for SCC?

A

total bacT = <30,000/mL SCC = <750,000/mL (farmers aim for <200,00/mL)

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6
Q

What is Grade A milk?

A

high quality drinkable fluid milk

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7
Q

What is Grade B milk?

A

dairy products used for butter, powder milk, cheese

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8
Q

What are hazardous organisms to be aware of with Raw milk?

A

Brucella Campylobacter Cryptosporidium E. coli Coxiella (Q fever) Listeria C. pseudotuberculosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasma Tuberculosis

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9
Q

What is the cooling requirements for milk?

A

Grade A: 45F Grade B: 40F Within 2 hr for bulk milk

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10
Q

What is the biggest source for ABx resistance?

A

Mastitis treated milk

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11
Q

What is the withdrawal time for Ceftiofur and cephalosporin?

A

Zero milk withdrawal time

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12
Q

Drugs that are prohibited for ELDU?

A

Chloramphenicol Fluoroquinilones (Baytril) Ceftiofur (no milk residue though, ELDU?) Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, telvancin, ramoplanin, bleomycin) Phenylbutazone in female dairy cattle >20mo Proteins derived from mammalian tissue.

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13
Q

Drugs that are prohibited to be used AND be stores on site?

A

DMSO Colloidal silver ivermectin, avermectin, levamisole *ELDU IS ILLEGAL!!!

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14
Q

You come to a dairy farm that is the only site within 20mi, and only has 500 cows and yet producing the amount of milk that 15000 cows would make. What are some ways farmers are making more milk?

A

balanced nutrition home grown feeds BST growth hormones (careful mastitis) fermentation modifiers chelated trace minerals

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15
Q

Which cows are considered dual purpose and which one is temperamental?

A

Simmental Water buffalo (mozzarella!) Gir (Bos Indicus) GIR IS TEMPERAMENTAL!!! BE CAREFUL!!!

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16
Q

Which dairy breed is the best for making butter?

A

Jersey!!! 4.9% fat

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17
Q

DIM

A

Days in milk

How far into lactation.

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18
Q

Days open means….

A

The time it takes a cow to concieve

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19
Q

DCC

A

Days carrying Calf

How long into gestation

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20
Q

Dry period

A

When cow isn’t lactating and in final stage of gestation

40-60 days (6-8wks) before calving

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21
Q

Fresh cow?

A

A cow that calved < 3-4 weeks ago

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22
Q

DSLH

A

Days since last heat

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23
Q

Times bred /AI

A

of attempts to AI that cow

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24
Q

VWP

A

Voluntary waiting period

Period the cow is waiting to involute uterus/cure endometritis and then start attempting to impregnate

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25
DNB
**DO NOT BREED** Cow ineligible to be bred Bad things can happen!
26
Transition period?
Period **3 weeks BEFORE** and **3 weeks POST PARTUM**
27
DCAD?
**DIetary cation-anion difference**
28
Far-off dry cows
Dry cows in the beginning of dry period
29
Close-up dry cows
Dry cows in the **last 3-4 weeks** of dry period. ## Footnote *Usually on a DCAD diet.*
30
Springers
Heifers close to parturition
31
High cows or High diets
cows in peak production eating diets with high concentrates
32
Conception rate
of cows preg/cows exposed to AI/ bull
33
Pregnancy rate
cows preg/cows eligible to be bred
34
Service/heat detection rate
cows ID in heat / cows eligible to be bred
35
3 quarters
Cow with a non-fx mammary gland ## Footnote **Blind quarter/teat**
36
When does a heifer normally have her first calf?
Approximately at 2 years old
37
How long is gestation in a Dairy cow?
**284 days +/- 7 days** **Aprox. 9mo**
38
How many times is a Dairy cow milked in a day? Avg for the year?
**2-3x a day** **Avg 305 days**
39
T/F: Direct effects of lameness is responsible for 15% of culling in US Dairy herds.
True ## Footnote *Indirect effects of lameness could account for up to 50% culling*
40
What are some reasons to a cow to leave the herd?
Low production **Lameness** Repro failure Mastitis Downer Cow Dz in the 1st 60 DIM
41
What are types of Total confinement systems?
Free stall Stanchion (tie stall) automatic (robotic) milking
42
What is considered Semi-confinement?
Confinement during day/pasture at night, dry lot dairies
43
Why do we put a cow to Pasture during the dry period?
makes them confined during lactation. very common practice because it lowers $ in facilities, spread manure in crop fields. *Can have challenges with DCAD (excess K+), heat stress, high SCC, neglected sick/attention needing cows.*
44
What is a pasture dairy?
Zero confinement during lactation very low $ in facilities Spread manure in crop fields Cow "harvesting" own feed (forage) *Will see mud, long walking, lower milk production*
45
What are types of milking parlors?
Rotary Herringbone Parallel Fully-automated robotic milking system
46
How are cows grouped?
By production or by reproduction status
47
What is the DIM for a fresh cow?
**1-21 DIM**
48
What is the DIM for a high production cow?
**21-180 DIM** *2nd lactation or more*
49
What is the DIM for a 1st calve heifer?
1st lactation ## Footnote **0-250 DIM, then move to late lactation**
50
What is the DIM for a cow that is in mid-lactation?
**180-250 DIM** Cow should be pregnant
51
What is the DIM for a cow that is in late lactation?
**250 DIM** to dry off
52
DIM for a dry cow?
**220-260 days pregnant** **260 days pregnant to parturition**
53
T/F: When cows are comfortable more milk is being produced, however their wellbeing is compromised.
SUPER FALSE!!! ## Footnote **Cow comfort = optimize milk production without compromising health/wellbeing of animal**
54
How long does a dairy cow lay in her stall in a day?
**11.3 hours!!!**
55
What types of bedding are used for dairy cows?
**Mattress** *Not really used anymore* **Straw** *Predisposes to Klebsiella mastitis* **Recycled manure/compost** *Requires excellent management* **Sand GOLD STANDARD!!!**
56
What issues can arise from using concrete floors? Grooved floors? Rubber mats?
Cows have thin soles so you may see: Uppuer limb lameness (slippery/falls). Grooved floors not a problem and nice for high traffic areas. Rubber mats may become slippery with time.
57
What happens if you have bad stockmanship with cows?
Cows can develop negative behaviors that can lead to injuries.
58
What is infectious claw disease?
**Papillomatous digital dermatitis** "foot warts", "hairy heel warts" SUPER PAINFUL Tx: foot bath (copper sulfate 2-10%, formalin 5%)
59
What are 2 diseases that can occur when there is bad hygiene in the barn?
1. Foot warts, Hairy heel warts 2. MASTITIS
60
T/F: Heat stress predisposes a cow to infertility, rumen acidosis, and mastitis
True
61
What are some cooling methods when its swealtering outside?
Shade Fans Sprinklers Cooling ponds Mists
62
What are dairy cows mainly fed?
TMR
63
How is corn silage chopped and why?
Chopped 3/4-1" long because of the scratch factor, it helps increase rumination/saliva production.
64
How much dose a mature dairy cow eat?
2-3% of BW based on DM basis
65
T/F: It is acceptable to overmix the TMR in order to make all the particles the same size.
SUPER FALSE!!! ## Footnote **Do not overmix the TMR, must maintain particle size for appropriate rumination.**
66
What is used toe evaluate the TMR? What is the % of feed in each sieve?
**Penn state shaker box** 1st sieve= 8-12% 2nd sieve= 30-50% 3rd sieve= 30-40%
67
What is prohibited in organic dairies?
tail docking
68
What are some concern with zero confinement (pasture) system?
Rumen acidosis that may lead to **liver abscess.** Laminitis that is due to **claw horn lesion --\> sole hemorrhage/ulcer**
69
Describe the steps in order for machine milking.
1. pre-dip teats q30secs (prevent environmental mastitis) 2. dry with towel 3. strip 2-3 squirts on to floor 4. attach milking claw 5. shut off vacuum once done and remove claw 6. post-dip teats (prevent contagious mastitis) 7. emollient dry teats
70
What is the milking order for cows?
1. fresh cows 2. clean cows 3. uknown status 4. hospitalized/mastitis cows last OR different parlor.
71
How long do you keep cows in the holding area?
\<30-60 min
72
How do you manage a Downer cow?
**Keep welfare in mind!** careful assessment, euth/emergency slaughter with severe injury. Float in H2O or use hip lifts
73
What does a calf need?
COLOSTRUM
74
How much colostrum is required for a calf?
**15-200g of IgG** *4qt IgG 50g within 1st 2 hours*
75
What do you call a calf that is up to 60-150 lbs BW?
**Bob veal**
76
What do you call housing for calves?
crates hutches CAFETERIAS Latin american cafe is a cafeteria.
77
What are positive aspects of calf castration?
intact calves bring in less $ helps with sexual behavior better meat quality
78
What are negative aspects of castration?
**PAIN** increased wt loss and cortisol 1st 7 days
79
What would you recommend to a farmer looking into castration? What surgical instrument would you use?
Castrate as young as possible + management for least chronic (long term) pain. If within 1st week of life thinkg about either open or band castration. 3-4wk old think about vax and dehorning. *emasculatome/burdizzo if environment is contaminated.*
80
What are positive aspects of dehorning?
Decreased risk of trauma. Worker safety. Easier to place in a chute/headlock.
81
What are negative aspects of dehorning/disbudding?
pain infection (sinusitis) **welfare** If bleeding use a hot iron
82
At what age is dehorning easier?
4 weeks old
83
What nerve are you blocking with 2% lidocaine to prepare for the dehorning procedure?
**cornual branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve** **or** **opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve** *aka lachrymal nerve*
84
Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus vax includes what other vax made for 3-6mo old calves? How is it given?
**Black leg** **Intranasal + IM/SQ if uknown prior vax hx**
85
Which cows get a MLV complex vaxine for BRD?
All open cows and heifers 30d prior to breeding. Cales 4-6weeks
86
Which cows get a killed virus complex of BRD?
cows 45-60 days pre-calving.
87

LAM II km (13 decks)

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