Dairy intro Flashcards
Lactose is composed of?
Disaccharides (glucose and galactose)
Proteins are comprised of?
Caseins and whey protein
Which protein is the most important?
Caseins
What is the main lipid in “milk fat”?
triglycerides
What is the limit for total bacteria in milk, the limit for SCC?
total bacT = <30,000/mL SCC = <750,000/mL (farmers aim for <200,00/mL)
What is Grade A milk?
high quality drinkable fluid milk
What is Grade B milk?
dairy products used for butter, powder milk, cheese
What are hazardous organisms to be aware of with Raw milk?
Brucella Campylobacter Cryptosporidium E. coli Coxiella (Q fever) Listeria C. pseudotuberculosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasma Tuberculosis
What is the cooling requirements for milk?
Grade A: 45F Grade B: 40F Within 2 hr for bulk milk
What is the biggest source for ABx resistance?
Mastitis treated milk
What is the withdrawal time for Ceftiofur and cephalosporin?
Zero milk withdrawal time
Drugs that are prohibited for ELDU?
Chloramphenicol Fluoroquinilones (Baytril) Ceftiofur (no milk residue though, ELDU?) Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, telvancin, ramoplanin, bleomycin) Phenylbutazone in female dairy cattle >20mo Proteins derived from mammalian tissue.
Drugs that are prohibited to be used AND be stores on site?
DMSO Colloidal silver ivermectin, avermectin, levamisole *ELDU IS ILLEGAL!!!
You come to a dairy farm that is the only site within 20mi, and only has 500 cows and yet producing the amount of milk that 15000 cows would make. What are some ways farmers are making more milk?
balanced nutrition home grown feeds BST growth hormones (careful mastitis) fermentation modifiers chelated trace minerals
Which cows are considered dual purpose and which one is temperamental?
Simmental Water buffalo (mozzarella!) Gir (Bos Indicus) GIR IS TEMPERAMENTAL!!! BE CAREFUL!!!
Which dairy breed is the best for making butter?
Jersey!!! 4.9% fat
DIM
Days in milk
How far into lactation.
Days open means….
The time it takes a cow to concieve
DCC
Days carrying Calf
How long into gestation
Dry period
When cow isn’t lactating and in final stage of gestation
40-60 days (6-8wks) before calving
Fresh cow?
A cow that calved < 3-4 weeks ago
DSLH
Days since last heat
Times bred /AI
of attempts to AI that cow
VWP
Voluntary waiting period
Period the cow is waiting to involute uterus/cure endometritis and then start attempting to impregnate
DNB
DO NOT BREED
Cow ineligible to be bred
Bad things can happen!
Transition period?
Period 3 weeks BEFORE and 3 weeks POST PARTUM
DCAD?
DIetary cation-anion difference
Far-off dry cows
Dry cows in the beginning of dry period
Close-up dry cows
Dry cows in the last 3-4 weeks of dry period.
Usually on a DCAD diet.
Springers
Heifers close to parturition
High cows or High diets
cows in peak production eating diets with high concentrates
Conception rate
of cows preg/cows exposed to AI/ bull
Pregnancy rate
cows preg/cows eligible to be bred
Service/heat detection rate
cows ID in heat / cows eligible to be bred
3 quarters
Cow with a non-fx mammary gland
Blind quarter/teat
When does a heifer normally have her first calf?
Approximately at 2 years old
How long is gestation in a Dairy cow?
284 days +/- 7 days
Aprox. 9mo
How many times is a Dairy cow milked in a day?
Avg for the year?
2-3x a day
Avg 305 days
T/F: Direct effects of lameness is responsible for 15% of culling in US Dairy herds.
True
Indirect effects of lameness could account for up to 50% culling
What are some reasons to a cow to leave the herd?
Low production
Lameness
Repro failure
Mastitis
Downer Cow
Dz in the 1st 60 DIM
What are types of Total confinement systems?
Free stall
Stanchion (tie stall)
automatic (robotic) milking
What is considered Semi-confinement?
Confinement during day/pasture at night, dry lot dairies
Why do we put a cow to Pasture during the dry period?
makes them confined during lactation.
very common practice because it lowers $ in facilities, spread manure in crop fields.
Can have challenges with DCAD (excess K+), heat stress, high SCC, neglected sick/attention needing cows.
What is a pasture dairy?
Zero confinement during lactation
very low $ in facilities
Spread manure in crop fields
Cow “harvesting” own feed (forage)
Will see mud, long walking, lower milk production
What are types of milking parlors?
Rotary
Herringbone
Parallel
Fully-automated robotic milking system
How are cows grouped?
By production or by reproduction status
What is the DIM for a fresh cow?
1-21 DIM
What is the DIM for a high production cow?
21-180 DIM
2nd lactation or more
What is the DIM for a 1st calve heifer?
1st lactation
0-250 DIM, then move to late lactation
What is the DIM for a cow that is in mid-lactation?
180-250 DIM
Cow should be pregnant
What is the DIM for a cow that is in late lactation?
250 DIM to dry off
DIM for a dry cow?
220-260 days pregnant
260 days pregnant to parturition
T/F: When cows are comfortable more milk is being produced, however their wellbeing is compromised.
SUPER FALSE!!!
Cow comfort = optimize milk production without compromising health/wellbeing of animal
How long does a dairy cow lay in her stall in a day?
11.3 hours!!!
What types of bedding are used for dairy cows?
Mattress Not really used anymore
Straw Predisposes to Klebsiella mastitis
Recycled manure/compost Requires excellent management
Sand GOLD STANDARD!!!
What issues can arise from using concrete floors? Grooved floors? Rubber mats?
Cows have thin soles so you may see:
Uppuer limb lameness (slippery/falls).
Grooved floors not a problem and nice for high traffic areas.
Rubber mats may become slippery with time.
What happens if you have bad stockmanship with cows?
Cows can develop negative behaviors that can lead to injuries.
What is infectious claw disease?
Papillomatous digital dermatitis
“foot warts”, “hairy heel warts”
SUPER PAINFUL
Tx: foot bath (copper sulfate 2-10%, formalin 5%)
What are 2 diseases that can occur when there is bad hygiene in the barn?
- Foot warts, Hairy heel warts
- MASTITIS
T/F: Heat stress predisposes a cow to infertility, rumen acidosis, and mastitis
True
What are some cooling methods when its swealtering outside?
Shade
Fans
Sprinklers
Cooling ponds
Mists
What are dairy cows mainly fed?
TMR
How is corn silage chopped and why?
Chopped 3/4-1” long because of the scratch factor, it helps increase rumination/saliva production.
How much dose a mature dairy cow eat?
2-3% of BW based on DM basis
T/F: It is acceptable to overmix the TMR in order to make all the particles the same size.
SUPER FALSE!!!
Do not overmix the TMR, must maintain particle size for appropriate rumination.
What is used toe evaluate the TMR?
What is the % of feed in each sieve?
Penn state shaker box
1st sieve= 8-12%
2nd sieve= 30-50%
3rd sieve= 30-40%
What is prohibited in organic dairies?
tail docking
What are some concern with zero confinement (pasture) system?
Rumen acidosis that may lead to liver abscess.
Laminitis that is due to claw horn lesion –> sole hemorrhage/ulcer
Describe the steps in order for machine milking.
- pre-dip teats q30secs (prevent environmental mastitis)
- dry with towel
- strip 2-3 squirts on to floor
- attach milking claw
- shut off vacuum once done and remove claw
- post-dip teats (prevent contagious mastitis)
- emollient dry teats
What is the milking order for cows?
- fresh cows
- clean cows
- uknown status
- hospitalized/mastitis cows last OR different parlor.
How long do you keep cows in the holding area?
<30-60 min
How do you manage a Downer cow?
Keep welfare in mind!
careful assessment, euth/emergency slaughter with severe injury.
Float in H2O or use hip lifts
What does a calf need?
COLOSTRUM
How much colostrum is required for a calf?
15-200g of IgG
4qt IgG 50g within 1st 2 hours
What do you call a calf that is up to 60-150 lbs BW?
Bob veal
What do you call housing for calves?
crates
hutches
CAFETERIAS
Latin american cafe is a cafeteria.
What are positive aspects of calf castration?
intact calves bring in less $
helps with sexual behavior
better meat quality
What are negative aspects of castration?
PAIN
increased wt loss and cortisol 1st 7 days
What would you recommend to a farmer looking into castration?
What surgical instrument would you use?
Castrate as young as possible + management for least chronic (long term) pain.
If within 1st week of life thinkg about either open or band castration.
3-4wk old think about vax and dehorning.
emasculatome/burdizzo if environment is contaminated.
What are positive aspects of dehorning?
Decreased risk of trauma.
Worker safety.
Easier to place in a chute/headlock.
What are negative aspects of dehorning/disbudding?
pain
infection (sinusitis)
welfare
If bleeding use a hot iron
At what age is dehorning easier?
4 weeks old
What nerve are you blocking with 2% lidocaine to prepare for the dehorning procedure?
cornual branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve
or
opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
aka lachrymal nerve
Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus vax includes what other vax made for 3-6mo old calves?
How is it given?
Black leg
Intranasal + IM/SQ if uknown prior vax hx
Which cows get a MLV complex vaxine for BRD?
All open cows and heifers 30d prior to breeding.
Cales 4-6weeks
Which cows get a killed virus complex of BRD?
cows 45-60 days pre-calving.
