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LAM II km > Dairy intro > Flashcards

Dairy intro Flashcards

1
Q

Lactose is composed of?

A

Disaccharides (glucose and galactose)

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2
Q

Proteins are comprised of?

A

Caseins and whey protein

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3
Q

Which protein is the most important?

A

Caseins

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4
Q

What is the main lipid in “milk fat”?

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

What is the limit for total bacteria in milk, the limit for SCC?

A

total bacT = <30,000/mL SCC = <750,000/mL (farmers aim for <200,00/mL)

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6
Q

What is Grade A milk?

A

high quality drinkable fluid milk

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7
Q

What is Grade B milk?

A

dairy products used for butter, powder milk, cheese

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8
Q

What are hazardous organisms to be aware of with Raw milk?

A

Brucella Campylobacter Cryptosporidium E. coli Coxiella (Q fever) Listeria C. pseudotuberculosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasma Tuberculosis

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9
Q

What is the cooling requirements for milk?

A

Grade A: 45F Grade B: 40F Within 2 hr for bulk milk

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10
Q

What is the biggest source for ABx resistance?

A

Mastitis treated milk

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11
Q

What is the withdrawal time for Ceftiofur and cephalosporin?

A

Zero milk withdrawal time

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12
Q

Drugs that are prohibited for ELDU?

A

Chloramphenicol Fluoroquinilones (Baytril) Ceftiofur (no milk residue though, ELDU?) Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin, telvancin, ramoplanin, bleomycin) Phenylbutazone in female dairy cattle >20mo Proteins derived from mammalian tissue.

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13
Q

Drugs that are prohibited to be used AND be stores on site?

A

DMSO Colloidal silver ivermectin, avermectin, levamisole *ELDU IS ILLEGAL!!!

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14
Q

You come to a dairy farm that is the only site within 20mi, and only has 500 cows and yet producing the amount of milk that 15000 cows would make. What are some ways farmers are making more milk?

A

balanced nutrition home grown feeds BST growth hormones (careful mastitis) fermentation modifiers chelated trace minerals

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15
Q

Which cows are considered dual purpose and which one is temperamental?

A

Simmental Water buffalo (mozzarella!) Gir (Bos Indicus) GIR IS TEMPERAMENTAL!!! BE CAREFUL!!!

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16
Q

Which dairy breed is the best for making butter?

A

Jersey!!! 4.9% fat

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17
Q

DIM

A

Days in milk

How far into lactation.

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18
Q

Days open means….

A

The time it takes a cow to concieve

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19
Q

DCC

A

Days carrying Calf

How long into gestation

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20
Q

Dry period

A

When cow isn’t lactating and in final stage of gestation

40-60 days (6-8wks) before calving

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21
Q

Fresh cow?

A

A cow that calved < 3-4 weeks ago

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22
Q

DSLH

A

Days since last heat

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23
Q

Times bred /AI

A

of attempts to AI that cow

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24
Q

VWP

A

Voluntary waiting period

Period the cow is waiting to involute uterus/cure endometritis and then start attempting to impregnate

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25
Q

DNB

A

DO NOT BREED

Cow ineligible to be bred

Bad things can happen!

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26
Q

Transition period?

A

Period 3 weeks BEFORE and 3 weeks POST PARTUM

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27
Q

DCAD?

A

DIetary cation-anion difference

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28
Q

Far-off dry cows

A

Dry cows in the beginning of dry period

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29
Q

Close-up dry cows

A

Dry cows in the last 3-4 weeks of dry period.

Usually on a DCAD diet.

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30
Q

Springers

A

Heifers close to parturition

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31
Q

High cows or High diets

A

cows in peak production eating diets with high concentrates

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32
Q

Conception rate

A

of cows preg/cows exposed to AI/ bull

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33
Q

Pregnancy rate

A

cows preg/cows eligible to be bred

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34
Q

Service/heat detection rate

A

cows ID in heat / cows eligible to be bred

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35
Q

3 quarters

A

Cow with a non-fx mammary gland

Blind quarter/teat

36
Q

When does a heifer normally have her first calf?

A

Approximately at 2 years old

37
Q

How long is gestation in a Dairy cow?

A

284 days +/- 7 days

Aprox. 9mo

38
Q

How many times is a Dairy cow milked in a day?

Avg for the year?

A

2-3x a day

Avg 305 days

39
Q

T/F: Direct effects of lameness is responsible for 15% of culling in US Dairy herds.

A

True

Indirect effects of lameness could account for up to 50% culling

40
Q

What are some reasons to a cow to leave the herd?

A

Low production

Lameness

Repro failure

Mastitis

Downer Cow

Dz in the 1st 60 DIM

41
Q

What are types of Total confinement systems?

A

Free stall

Stanchion (tie stall)

automatic (robotic) milking

42
Q

What is considered Semi-confinement?

A

Confinement during day/pasture at night, dry lot dairies

43
Q

Why do we put a cow to Pasture during the dry period?

A

makes them confined during lactation.

very common practice because it lowers $ in facilities, spread manure in crop fields.

Can have challenges with DCAD (excess K+), heat stress, high SCC, neglected sick/attention needing cows.

44
Q

What is a pasture dairy?

A

Zero confinement during lactation

very low $ in facilities

Spread manure in crop fields

Cow “harvesting” own feed (forage)

Will see mud, long walking, lower milk production

45
Q

What are types of milking parlors?

A

Rotary

Herringbone

Parallel

Fully-automated robotic milking system

46
Q

How are cows grouped?

A

By production or by reproduction status

47
Q

What is the DIM for a fresh cow?

A

1-21 DIM

48
Q

What is the DIM for a high production cow?

A

21-180 DIM

2nd lactation or more

49
Q

What is the DIM for a 1st calve heifer?

A

1st lactation

0-250 DIM, then move to late lactation

50
Q

What is the DIM for a cow that is in mid-lactation?

A

180-250 DIM

Cow should be pregnant

51
Q

What is the DIM for a cow that is in late lactation?

A

250 DIM to dry off

52
Q

DIM for a dry cow?

A

220-260 days pregnant

260 days pregnant to parturition

53
Q

T/F: When cows are comfortable more milk is being produced, however their wellbeing is compromised.

A

SUPER FALSE!!!

Cow comfort = optimize milk production without compromising health/wellbeing of animal

54
Q

How long does a dairy cow lay in her stall in a day?

A

11.3 hours!!!

55
Q

What types of bedding are used for dairy cows?

A

Mattress Not really used anymore

Straw Predisposes to Klebsiella mastitis

Recycled manure/compost Requires excellent management

Sand GOLD STANDARD!!!

56
Q

What issues can arise from using concrete floors? Grooved floors? Rubber mats?

A

Cows have thin soles so you may see:

Uppuer limb lameness (slippery/falls).

Grooved floors not a problem and nice for high traffic areas.

Rubber mats may become slippery with time.

57
Q

What happens if you have bad stockmanship with cows?

A

Cows can develop negative behaviors that can lead to injuries.

58
Q

What is infectious claw disease?

A

Papillomatous digital dermatitis

“foot warts”, “hairy heel warts”

SUPER PAINFUL

Tx: foot bath (copper sulfate 2-10%, formalin 5%)

59
Q

What are 2 diseases that can occur when there is bad hygiene in the barn?

A
  1. Foot warts, Hairy heel warts
  2. MASTITIS
60
Q

T/F: Heat stress predisposes a cow to infertility, rumen acidosis, and mastitis

A

True

61
Q

What are some cooling methods when its swealtering outside?

A

Shade

Fans

Sprinklers

Cooling ponds

Mists

62
Q

What are dairy cows mainly fed?

A

TMR

63
Q

How is corn silage chopped and why?

A

Chopped 3/4-1” long because of the scratch factor, it helps increase rumination/saliva production.

64
Q

How much dose a mature dairy cow eat?

A

2-3% of BW based on DM basis

65
Q

T/F: It is acceptable to overmix the TMR in order to make all the particles the same size.

A

SUPER FALSE!!!

Do not overmix the TMR, must maintain particle size for appropriate rumination.

66
Q

What is used toe evaluate the TMR?

What is the % of feed in each sieve?

A

Penn state shaker box

1st sieve= 8-12%

2nd sieve= 30-50%

3rd sieve= 30-40%

67
Q

What is prohibited in organic dairies?

A

tail docking

68
Q

What are some concern with zero confinement (pasture) system?

A

Rumen acidosis that may lead to liver abscess.

Laminitis that is due to claw horn lesion –> sole hemorrhage/ulcer

69
Q

Describe the steps in order for machine milking.

A
  1. pre-dip teats q30secs (prevent environmental mastitis)
  2. dry with towel
  3. strip 2-3 squirts on to floor
  4. attach milking claw
  5. shut off vacuum once done and remove claw
  6. post-dip teats (prevent contagious mastitis)
  7. emollient dry teats
70
Q

What is the milking order for cows?

A
  1. fresh cows
  2. clean cows
  3. uknown status
  4. hospitalized/mastitis cows last OR different parlor.
71
Q

How long do you keep cows in the holding area?

A

<30-60 min

72
Q

How do you manage a Downer cow?

A

Keep welfare in mind!

careful assessment, euth/emergency slaughter with severe injury.

Float in H2O or use hip lifts

73
Q

What does a calf need?

A

COLOSTRUM

74
Q

How much colostrum is required for a calf?

A

15-200g of IgG

4qt IgG 50g within 1st 2 hours

75
Q

What do you call a calf that is up to 60-150 lbs BW?

A

Bob veal

76
Q

What do you call housing for calves?

A

crates

hutches

CAFETERIAS

Latin american cafe is a cafeteria.

77
Q

What are positive aspects of calf castration?

A

intact calves bring in less $

helps with sexual behavior

better meat quality

78
Q

What are negative aspects of castration?

A

PAIN

increased wt loss and cortisol 1st 7 days

79
Q

What would you recommend to a farmer looking into castration?

What surgical instrument would you use?

A

Castrate as young as possible + management for least chronic (long term) pain.

If within 1st week of life thinkg about either open or band castration.

3-4wk old think about vax and dehorning.

emasculatome/burdizzo if environment is contaminated.

80
Q

What are positive aspects of dehorning?

A

Decreased risk of trauma.

Worker safety.

Easier to place in a chute/headlock.

81
Q

What are negative aspects of dehorning/disbudding?

A

pain

infection (sinusitis)

welfare

If bleeding use a hot iron

82
Q

At what age is dehorning easier?

A

4 weeks old

83
Q

What nerve are you blocking with 2% lidocaine to prepare for the dehorning procedure?

A

cornual branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve

or

opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

aka lachrymal nerve

84
Q

Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus vax includes what other vax made for 3-6mo old calves?

How is it given?

A

Black leg

Intranasal + IM/SQ if uknown prior vax hx

85
Q

Which cows get a MLV complex vaxine for BRD?

A

All open cows and heifers 30d prior to breeding.

Cales 4-6weeks

86
Q

Which cows get a killed virus complex of BRD?

A

cows 45-60 days pre-calving.

87
Q
A

LAM II km (13 decks)

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