FOI Flashcards
A change in behavior as a result of experience can be defined as:
Learning
The learning process may include some types of element taking place simultaneously such as verbal, conceptual and:
Emotional
Insights, as applied to learning, involve a person’s:
GROUPING OF ASSOCIATED PERCEPTIONS into meaningful wholes
Individuals make more progress learning if they have a clear objective. This is one feature of the principle of:
READINESS
What is true concerning motivations?
Motivations may be very subtle and difficult to identify
What is generally the more effective way for an instructor to properly motivate students?
Provide positive motivations by the promise or achievement of rewards
What principle of learning implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute?
Principle of INTENSITY
The principle that is based on the EMOTIONAL reaction of the learner is the principle of:
EFFECT
Things most often REPEATED are best recommended because of which principle of learning?
Principle of EXERCISE
What principle of learning creates a strong, almost unshakable, impression?
Principle of PRIMACY
What principle of learning determines the SEQUENCE of lectures within a course of instruction?
Principle of RECENCY
Providing opportunities for a student to practice and then directing this process toward a goal is the basis of the principle of:
Exercise
During the flight portion of a practical test, the examiner simulates complete loss of engine power by closing the throttle and announcing ‘simulated engine failure.’ What LEVEL of learning is being tested?
Correlation
When asking a student to explain how gross weight affects maneuvering speed, what LEVEL of learning is being tested?
Understanding
At which LEVEL of learning do many instructors accidentally stop teaching?
APPLICATION
Responses that produce a pleasurable return are called:
Praise
What transfer of learning occurs when the learning of one maneuver/skill HINDERS the learning of another maneuver/skill?
NEGATIVE
What type of learning has occurred when a student learns to fly an airport traffic pattern as a rectangular course?
POSITVIE
Which of the student’s human needs offer the greatest challenge to an instructor?
Self-Actualization
Before a student can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be satisfied?
Biological
What human need is met after the student feels physically comfortable and safe?
Belonging
What defense mechanism is being used when a student uses excuses to justify inadequate performance?
Rationalization
When a student displays the defense mechanism of DENIAL they may attempt to:
Minimize the situation
When a student asks irrelevant questions, or refuses to participate in class activities, it usually is an indication of the defense mechanism known as:
Aggression
What is true concerning defense mechanisms and what they involve?
They involve some degree of self-deception and distortion of reality
Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they want to:
Escape from frustrating situations
When students subconsciously use the defense mechanism called Rationalization, they:
Cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior
When a student becomes bewildered and lost in the advanced phase of training after completing the early phase without grasping the fundamentals, the defense mechanism is usually in the form of:
Resignation
When a student engages in daydreaming, it is a defense mechanism of:
Fantasy
When has instruction taken place?
When a procedure has been explained, and the desired student response has occurred
What OBSTACLE to learning is a greater deterrent (to learning Pilot Skills) than is generally recognized?
Impatience
Insights, as applied to learning, involve a person’s”
Relating and grouping of associated perceptions
What LEVEL of knowledge is being tested if asked, ‘What is the significance of an a/c’s maneuvering speed listed in the pilot’s operating handbook?’
Understanding
What is true about the properties of Over-Learning?
Over-Learning is when repeated use of knowledge takes on the properties of a skill
A student who harbors a hidden fear of flying that inhibits learning will display the defense mechanism of:
Repression
When a student tries to disguise a weak/undesirable quality by emphasizing a more positive one, this is a defense mechanism in the form of:
Compensation
The use of some type of association such as rhymes or word patterns to assist in remembering info is called:
Mnemonics
How can PRE-coding be described?
The selective process where the sensory register is set to recognize certain stimuli and transfer it to short-term memory
The Stem is:
The part of a multiple choice test item consisting of the question, statement or problem
What is the function of Risk Management?
Decision-making process designed to identify hazards systematically
A student pilot performs poorly on a test. They justify it by claiming there was not enough time to learn the required material, while not admitting to taking advantage of a computerized pre-test offered by the instructor. This is an indication of the defense mechanism known as:
Rationalization
Assessment of student learning should be an _____ part of each lesson
INTEGRAL
Evaluation of student performance and accomplishment during a lesson should be based on:
Objectives and goals established in the lesson plan
What is true about student willingly accepting instructors’ critiques?
Before students willingly accept their instructor’s critique, they must first accept the instructor!
WHEN should a instructor critique a student?
Immediately after the student’s performance
An instructor’s critique of a student’s performance should BE:
Constructive and objective!
An instructor’s critique of a student’s performance should PROVIDE:
Direction and guidance to improve performance
An instructor’s assessment of a student’s performance is a step in:
The LEARNING process, not just in the grading process
To be effective, a critique should be:
Flexible enough to satisfy the requirements of the moment
A written test is said to be comprehensive when it:
Effectively measures the overall OBJECTIVES
What is the main disadvantage of Supply-Type items?
They cannot be graded with Uniformity
A written test has validity when it:
Measures what is it SUPPOSED to measure
What is one major difficulty encountered in the construction of multiple-choice test items?
INVENTING DISTRACTORS which will be attractive to students lacking knowledge or understanding
In a written test, what Selection-Type test items reduce the probability of someone guessing correctly?
Matching!
What type of test item creates that greatest probability of guessing?
True-False
The characteristic of a written test, which measures small differences in achievement between students, is its:
Discrimination!
What is a characteristic of Supply-Type test items?
The same test graded by different instructors would probably be given different scores
A written test having the characteristics of discrimination will:
Identify even small differences in student achievement
A written test that has reliability:
Yields consistent results
One of the main advantages of Selection-Type test items, over Supply-Type test items, is that:
Selection-Type would be GRADED OBJECTIVELY regardless of the student or the grader
What is true for effective multiple-choice test items?
Items may include several options that are plausible or even scientifically accurate
What is true about multiple-choice test items that are intended to measure achievement at a higher level of learning?
Some or all of the alternatives should be acceptable but only one should be clearly better than the others
What type of test is used for evaluating training involving an operation, procedure, or process?
Performance type test
A pretest constructed to measure knowledge and sills necessary to begin a course is referred to as a:
CRITERION-Referenced test
In evaluating student demonstration of piloting ability (in regards to progress), it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student ______
INFORMED
Evaluation of Demonstrated Ability during flight instruction must be based upon:
ESTABLISHING STANDARDS of performance suitably modified to the student’s stage of development/experience level
What is the main advantage of Supply-Type test items?
Require the learner to ORGANIZE KNOWLEDGE
Criterion-Based assessment items are normally a part of what kind of tests?
Performance-Based tests!
What is true about an instructor’s critique of a student’s performance?
It should be as VARIED in content as the performance being evaluated
What test item is more likely to utilize ROTE memory than knowledge of the subject?
True and False!
As an aviation instructor you know that FAA PTS books are:
TESTING documents only
What 3 elements do Performance-Based objectives consist of?
Description of the skill, condition and CRITERIA
What type of assessment focuses on real-world skills/ability to use critical thinking in real-world tasks?
Authentic assessments
During a flight training course, when is it appropriate to introduce the students to the acceptable standards for passing the practical test?
Not until 3 HOURS BEFORE the practical test prep instruction required by regulation ????
A method of making students aware of their progress is:
REPEATING A DEMO, showing the students the standard their performance must ultimately meet
What factor affecting perception has the greatest impact on the perceptual process?
Self-Concept
A basic need that affects all of a person’s perception is the need to ______ and ______ the organized self
MAINTAIN and ENHANCE the organized self
What is the basis of all learning?
PERCEPTION
What factor (affecting perceptions) is based on the effectiveness of the use of a properly planned training syllabus?
TIME and OPPORTUNITY
In learning, fear or the element of threat will ____ the student’s perceptual field.
Narrow
Perceptions result when a person:
Gives MEANING to sensations being experienced
What domain of learning deals with knowledge?
Cognitive
The LEAST complex outcome in the PSYCHOMOTOR domain is ______
Perception
The MOST complex outcome in the AFFECTIVE domain is ______
Characterization
The Educational Objective Levels for the COGNITIVE domain are:
Knowledge Comprehension Application etc. -OR- Recall Compression Application etc.
AFFECTIVE domain relates to:
Attitudes, beliefs, and values!
What memory system processes input from the environment?
Sensory register
The theory that suggests why info that is not used over time is harder to recall is:
Fading
When the learning of similar things overshadows other learning experiences, it is called:
Interference
How can RE-Coding be described?
The RElating of incoming info to concepts/knowledge already in memory
The use of association, rhymes or mnemonics is best suited to which memory system?
SHORT-term
To communicate effectively, instructors must:
Reveal a positive attitude while delivering their message
The effectiveness of communication between instructor and student is measured by the similarity between:
The idea transmitted, and the idea received.
To communicate effectively, an instructor should speak or write from a background of:
Up-to-date, stimulating material!
EFFECTIVE communication has taken place when, and ONLY when, the receivers ____ with understanding and ____ their behavior accordingly
REACT with understanding, and CHANGE their behavior accordingly
In the communication process, the communicator will be more successful in gaining/retaining the receiver’s attention by using a _____ communicative approach.
VARIED
By using ABSTRACTIONS in the communication process, the communicator is using words that:
Stand for ideas that can NOT be directly experienced
Probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication in the teaching process is:
Lack of common EXPERIENCE LEVEL between instructor and student
When new EVENTS displace things that had been previously learned, it is called:
When new INFO displaces previously learning info, what type of learning has occurred?
- Interference! (not displacement)
- Negative
What is one example of a skill involving the PSYCHOMOTOR domain?
Programming a GPS receiver
What is one example of a skill involving the COGNITIVE domain?
Determining info required for a logbook entry
What memory system can be enhanced by practice and repetition?
Short-term
____ memory is a reconstruction, and not a pure recall, of info or events.
Long-Term Memory
Short-Term memory (STM) is time limited, and has a capacity limited to usually ___ bits or chunks of info.
7
What domain of learning requires remembering specific facts and concepts?
Cognitive!
A problem in using abstract words is that they:
stand for ideas that cannot be directly experienced
A factor that has a great influence on the total perceptual process is:
Self-Image!
Motivations in the form of Reproof and Threats should be avoided with all BUT the student who is:
Overconfident and Impulsive
For a motivation to be effective, students must believe their efforts will be rewarded in a definite manner. What TYPE of motivation is this?
Tangible Motivation
What type of motivations cause a student to react with fear or anxiety?
Negative Motivations
What factor contributes MOST to a student’s ability to remain RECEPTIVE to new experiences?
Positive Self-Concept!
What is the systematic classification scheme for SORTING LEARNING OBJECTIVES called?
Taxonomy
A Learning Plateau may be defined as the point at which:
Progress appears to slow down or cease, before once again increasing
The best way to prepare a student to perform a task is to provide:
A clear, step-by-step example!
A primary consideration in planing for student skill acquisition is:
The length of time devoted to practice
To form proper habits and correct techniques during training, an instructor should INSIST on:
Correcting techniques and procedures from the outset of training!
When under stress, individuals usually react by exhibiting:
Rational Thinking
Rapid Reaction
Extreme Sensitivity to surroundings
How can instructor counteract anxiety in a student?
Reinforcing the student’s ENJOYMENT of flying, and teaching them to COPE WITH THEIR FEARS
What are indications of a student reacting abnormally to stress?
- Inappropriate laughter or singing
- Extreme overcooperation
An adequately developed lesson falls logically into what steps of the teaching process? (list first 2 atleast)
- Prep
- Planning/Presentation
Application
Review
Evaluation
What Method of Presentation is desirable for TEACHING a skill, such as ground school lessons, on a flight computer?
Demonstration/Performance (no presentation)
What Method of Presentation is suitable for PRESENTING new material, summarizing ideas, and for showing relationships?
Lecture method
To enhance a student’s acceptance of further instruction, the instructor should keep the student:
INFORMED of the progress made
What is the proper sequence for the subparts of an introduction? (3 things)
Attention
Motivation
Overview
Arranging lesson material from simple to complex, past to present, and known to unknown, helps shows ____
Relationships (of the main points to the lesson)
In developing a lesson, the instructor should organize explanations/demos to help the student achieve what?
The desired learning outcome!
When teaching from the known to the unknown, an instructor is using the student’s previous:
EXPERIENCES and KNOWLEDGE
In organizing lesson material, which step sets the stage for everything to come?
The Introduction! (not overview)
The first step in preparing a lecture is to establish the _____ and _____ ________
Objective
Desired Outcome
One advantage of the Lecture method is that it:
Uses time economically
The distinguishing characteristic of an Informal Lecture is the:
Active student participation
True or False: The instructor must develop a keen perception for subtle responses from the class during a Teaching Lecture.
TRUE
What would detract from an instructor’s dignity, and reflect upon the student’s intelligence during a Teaching Lecture?
Errors in Grammar
Use of Vulgarisms
Perhaps the most significant characteristic of Group Learning is that student tend to:
Actively participate in the learning process
What is the main advantage with Heterogeneous (dis-similar) groups of students?
They tend to interact and achieve in ways that are rarely found with other instructional strategies
What is the main reason students are put in Cooperative Learning Groups?
So they can INDIVIDUALLY achieve greater success vs if they were studying alone
A strategy which organizes students into small groups so they can work together to maximize their learning is called:
Cooperative Learning
An _____ question is one directed to an entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member.
an Overhead question
What is an example of the best LEADOFF question for a guided discussion on the subject of torque?
HOW does torque affect an airplane? (in general)
When students have adequately discussed the ideas presented during a guided discussion, the most valuable tool an instructor can use is:
An INTERIM SUMMARY (of what the student’s accomplished)
The Guided Discussion method of teaching relies on:
Student possession of a level of knowledge of the topic
In a Guided Discussion, learning is achieved through:
The skillful use of QUESTIONS
What is the last step in the demonstration/performance method?
Evaluation
What are the steps in the of the Demonstration/Performance method, in order? (first 3 atleast)
Explanation Demonstration Student Performance Instructor Supervision Evaluation
True or False: The student controls the pace and content of instruction during Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL)
TRUE
The major advantage of computer-based training (CBT) is that it is interactive - the computer responds in different ways, depending on the student’s:
Inputs/Responses
Practical tests for pilot certification are what kind of test?
Criterion-Referenced test
PTS objective is the ensure certification of pilots at a high level of performance is consists with:
SAFETY
During oral quizzing, effective questions should be:
- Brief and concise
- Adapted to the stage of training
What is a valid reason for oral quizzing during a lesson?
Reveals the effectiveness of the instructor’s training methods
What type of question would be answered based on memory of recall on an oral test?
A FACT Question
Proper oral quizzing during a lesson can help the instructor identify:
Points which need more emphasis
To answer a student’s question, it is most important that the instructor:
Clearly understands the question
True or False: Instructional aids should be designed to cover the KEY POINTS in a lesson.
TRUE
Instructional aids used in teaching should be _____ with the learning outcomes to be achieved.
COMPATIBLE
What is true regarding positive or negative approaches in aviation instructional techniques?
A POSITIVE APPROACH, to be effective, will point out pleasurable features of aviation before the unpleasant possibilities
Faulty performance due to student overconfidence should be corrected by:
Increasing the standard of performance for each lesson
An instructor can most effectively maintain high level of student motivation by:
Making lessons fun and enjoyable
What would be an example of a Positive approach in the first flight lesson of a student with no aviation background?
A normal flight to a nearby airport and return
What should an instructor do with a student who assumes that correction of errors is unimportant?
Raise the standard of performance for each lesson, demanding greater effort
Where in the AC are examples of all common endorsements found?
AC 61-65, Appendix 1
Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform:
ALL of the fundamental maneuvers
True performance as a professional is based on study and _____
Research
What is true regarding TRUE PROFESSIONALISM as an instructor?
ANYTHING LESS than sincere performance destroys the effectiveness of the professional instructor
Student confidence tends to be destroyed if instructors:
BLUFF whenever in doubt about some point
Students who are unable to see the benefits or purpose of a lesson will be _____
Less motivated (not apathetic)
When the instructor keeps the student informed, it minimizes the student’s feelings of:
Insecurity
Aviation instructors should be constantly alert for ways to improve their services, effectiveness, and ______
Qualifications
During integrated flight instruction, the instructor must be sure the student develops the habit of:
Looking for other traffic, in addition to referencing instruments!
A method of correcting student IMPATIENCE is for the instructor to:
Present preliminary training ONE STEP AT A TIME, with clearly stated goals for each step
For the integrated method of flight instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument reference should begin:
The FIRST TIME each new maneuver is introduced
After overall training objectives have been established, the next step is to:
IDENTIFY BLOCKS of learning which constitute the total objective
What is the primary consideration in determining length and frequency of flight instruction periods?
FATIGUE
What correctly identifies the accurate perception and understanding of the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements affecting flight safety?
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
What stage of skill acquisition is characterized by the performance of a procedure rapidly and smoothly while developing little deliberate attention to performance, and simultaneously performing other tasks?
Automatic Response
Drill and Practice method of training delivery is based on the learing principle of _______
Exercise
Initially all learning comes from ________
Perceptions
The main concern in developing a lesson plan is the:
Student!
How can instructors help students who are at a learning plateau?
By moving them to a different place in the curriculum, and giving the current task a break
Section F (Preflight - discuss lesson objective and resolve questions) is titled:
Student’s Actions
Studies of skill learning suggest that a student achieves better results when DISTRACTORS are avoided during what type of practice?
DELIBERATE practice
The “telling and doing” technique is a variation of the _____/_____ method
Demonstration/Performance method
A student pilot who fails and attributes the failure to an ‘unfair’ evaluation by the examiner may be demonstrating a defense mechanism known as:
Projection!
Test items using rote memory more than knowledge of the subject are:
True/False
Section B to F (Ground ref. manuevers) make up the ______
Content
What is the procedure for using the Integrated method of flight instruction?
Instruction in the control of an a/c by OUTSIDE visual references WITH instruction in the use of flight INSTRUMENTS for the same operations
The primary OBJECTIVE of Integrated Flight instruction is the formation of the good habit of:
cross referencing flight instruments with outside visual references
Student quickly become apathetic when they:
Perceive the instructor is not adequately prepared
What is true concerning extraneous blocks of instruction during the course of training?
They DETRACT from the completion of the final objective
When it is impossible to conduct a scheduled lesson, it is preferable for the instructor to:
Conduct a lesson that is not predicated completely on skills to be developed DURING the lesson which was postponed
True or False: Lesson plans help instructors keep a constant track on their own activity as well as that of thier students.
TRUE
