Focal epilepsies Flashcards
Clinical features favoring mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (9)
Timing (2)
Pertinent Past history (6)
Clinical Features favoring mesial temporal lobe epilepsy:
Timing:
- Early age of onset
- well-controlled seizures in early childhood but re-emergency of refractory epilepsy in adolescence / early adulthood
Pertinent past history
- History of complex febrile seizures
- Congenital brain malformations
- CNS infections
- Tumors
- Head trauma
- Perinatal injury
Clinical features favoring lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
Timing (2)
Imaging (2)
Clinical features favoring lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
- later age of onset
- absence of early risk factors
- absence of hippocampal atrophy (or other structural findings)
- more common negative functional brain imaging
Why is it important to differentiate lateral versus mesial temporal lobe seizures?
- Mesial temporal lobe seizures often will be abolished after standard temporal lobectomy or selective amygdalohippocampectomy
- Lateral temporal lobe seizures will often require sEEG to map eloquent cortex and tailor a surgical resection.
Semiology suggestive of MESIAL temporal lobe seizures
- Aura (4)
- Ictal/postictal (4)
Often have aura
- rising epigastric discomfort
- fear
- olfactory feeling
- autonomic signs (pallor, flushing, mydriasis)
Ictal
- Contralateral dystonic posturing of hand
- ipsilateral hand automatisms
- speech arrest (if dominant)
- Postictal (IL) nose wiping
Semilogy suggestive of LATERAL temporal lobe seizures
- Aura (2)
- Ictal/postictal
Aura:
- vertigo
- auditory or visual hallucinations
Ictal:
- Evolve early into unilateral clonic activity
- Early head turning
EEG features of mesial vs lateral temporal lobe seizures
Mesial temporal lobe seizures
- rhythmic theta-range ictal discharges
- initial focal temporal rhythmic activity <5 Hz > 5-7Hz sphenoidal maximum theta activity
Lateral Temporal lobe seizures
- high incidence of repetitive epileptiform discharges at onset
- transitional sharp wave at ictal onset
% of patients with MTS and without diagnosis of epilepsy
14%
Classic EEG seizure finding for MTS
Anterior temporal rhythmic theta or alpha that exceeds 5 Hz within 30 seconds of seizure onset
Classical seizure semiology for MTS
Aura:
- abdominal aura (nausea, pressure, buterflies, rising epigastric sensation)
- Fear
- Unpleaseant taste or smell
Seizure
- Oralimentary automatisms
- Ipsilateral limb automatisms
- Autonomic phenomenon
Imaging and MTS
- Most common feature
- most SPECIFIC feature
- Most common: hippocampal hyperintensity on T2-weighted seauences
- Most specific: Hippocampal atrophy (usually on T1)
Way you can diagnose MTS even with no MRI features
PET can show temporal hypometabolism
subcategories of each type of FCD
Type I (3)
Type II (2)
Type III (4)
First two think “balloons on sticks”
Type I
* Ia: abnormal vertical alignment of neurons
* Ib: abnormal horizontal alignment of neurons
* Ic: both horizontal and vertical abnormalities
Type II
* IIa: dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells
* IIb: dysmorphic neurons with balloon cells
Type III
* IIIa: mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS)
* IIIb: glioneuroal tumors (DNET, ganglioglioma, etc)
* IIIc: vascular malformations (CCM, AVM, etc
* IIId: prenatal or perinatal ischemic injury, TBI, and scars due to inflammatory / infectious lesions
What can these findings on MRS can be associated with
Reduction of NAA / (choline+Creatinine) ratio
Increased Creatine, phosphocreatine, and choline
Rise in lactate
Reduction of NAA / (choline+CR) ratio: Epileptogenic foci
Increased Creatinine, phosphocreatine, and choline: Gliosis
Rise in lactate: can be seen postictally (ipsilateral, up to 6.5 hours)
In TLE, what type of memory is primarily affected?
Declarative memory (memory of specific facts)