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Year 3 Parasitology > Fluke > Flashcards

Fluke Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the common liver fluke?

A

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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2
Q

What are the types of rumen fluke?

A

Paramphistomum spp

Calcicophoron daubneyi

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3
Q

What are the types of lancet fluke?

A

Dicrocoelium Dendriticum

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4
Q

What are the typical characteristics of flukes?

A

Indirect life-cycle

Dorso-ventrally flattened

Hermaphrodite

No body cavity

Tegument

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5
Q

Where is fasciola hepatica and gigantica found?

A

Hepatica- UK and Europe, Austrailia, South America, High altitude tropics

Gigantica- Hot and humid tropics

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6
Q

What impacts on animal production does Fasciolis cause?

A

Growth rate

Milk yield

Wool and fibre

Liver Condemnation

Disease- morbidity and mortality

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7
Q

Describe the lifecycle of F. hepatica

A
  • Undifferentiated eggs shed in faeces from definitive host
  • Over 2-4 weeks they develop within the eggs first showing an eye spot into a miracidium through operculum- has to be over 10 degree
  • Miracidium uses cillia to swim to snail within 24 hrs otherwise die
  • Micacidum burrow into snails foot and shed their outer layer and become sporocyst
  • The sporocyst undergo clonal expansion to a rediae to a cercariae
  • 1 miracidia = 600 cercariae
  • After 6 weeks the parasites break out of the snail and encyst by losing their tale after attachment on pasture to a metacercariae
  • Metacerciriae are ingested and are newly excyted juvenliles (leave the cyst)
  • NEJs pass through peritoneal cavity from duodenum to liver- 6-8 days
  • Imature migratory flukes migrate through liver using proteolytic enzymes to the bile duct and grow in size and become sexually mature adults
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8
Q

What are the different diffinitive mammalian hosts?

A

Ruminants

Camelids

Wild animal reservoir

Horses- dont develop patent infections

Humans

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9
Q

What are the intermediate snail hosts of F. hepatica and F. gigantica?

A

F. hepatica- amphiboius mud snail- Galba truncatula in UK

F. gigantica- water snails

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10
Q

How do adult fluke move and hold their position?

A

They use suckers and spines

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11
Q

What are the two forms of the disease Fasciolosis?

A

Acute and Sub-acute

Type of disease determined by the number of metacercariae ingested and the time period over which they are ingested

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12
Q

What causes acute fasciolosis and when is it seen?

A

Immature/juvenile migrating flukes with large numbers
Only ususally occurs in sheep in UK
October-december

Multifocal necrotic or haemorrhagic tracts throughout the liver

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13
Q

Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of acute fasciolosis?

A

Pathogenesis-

Migration of immature flukes through the liver parenchyma
haemorrhagic tracts
Inflammation
Liver enlargment
Fibrosis

Clinical signs-
Sudden death
weakness/dullness
abdominal pain
Anaemia

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14
Q

What causes chronic fasciolosis occur and when does it occur?

A

Occurs in sheep and cattle
Low numbers of metacercariae ingested over long period of time
Adult fluke in bile ducts
Disease in late winter/early spring- Jan- March

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15
Q

Describe the pathogenesis and clinical signs of chronic liver fluke

A

Pathogenesis-

Adult flukes feeding on blood in bile ducts
Spines on the tegument irriate bile duct walls
Hyperplasia of bile ducts
fibrosis and calcification (cattle)
cholangitis

Clinical signs-

Progressive weight loss
anaemia
sub- mandibular oedema
ascites

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16
Q

What is sub-acute fasciolosis?

A

Sheep ingest metacercariae over a long period of time

Disease casued by immature/juvenile and adult flukes

Clincial signs- rapid weight loss, anaemia

17
Q

How long does it take for the liver fluke life cycle?

A

6 months

18
Q

What are the factors that affect the epidemiology of liver fluke?

A

Snail and snail habitat
Temperature- 10-25 degrees
Moisture

Overwintering-

  • Carrier animals
  • Eggs on pasture
  • Metacercariae on pasture
  • Fluke stages within snail
19
Q

What happens in spring for liver fluke?

A

Low snail population at first
Eggs on pasture

Increase in temperature
snail populaiton increases
Eggs develop (2-4 weeks depending on temp)
Miracidia infect snaila

20
Q

What happens in summer with liver fluke?

A

Summer infections of snails
Asexual reproduction- sporocyst- rediae- cercariae

Three wet months-
Large numebers of cercaridae released on pasture in september
Large numbers of metacercaridae on pasture and ingested
acute disease 2-6 weeks

Cool dry summer
Fewer metacercariae produced
released gradually from snails between September and November
chronic disease in winter and early spring the following year

21
Q

How is liver fluke diagnosed at an individual level?

A

Clinical signs (sudden death, weight loss anaemia)

Season (autumn and winter)

Farm history

PM examination

22
Q

How is liver fluke diagnosed at a farm level?

A

Compostie faecal egg counts (10 animals/group)

Bulk tank milk ELISA

Abbatoir returns

23
Q

What diagnostic tests are availible for liver fluke?

A

FEC- fecal egg counts
High specificity
Composite samples
Poor sensitivity, labourious
Only detects patent infection

Copro-antigen ELISA
similar to FEC- detects patent infection

Antibody detection ELISA
Milk or bulk tank milk as well as serum
Detects exposure not necessarily current infection

24
Q

How is liver fluke best controled?

A

Disease forecasting
Grazing managment
Elimination of snail habitat
Drug prophylaxis- no residual activity
Triclabendazole- effective against all stages of fluke but resistance in the UK
Others are effective against late immature and adult flukes

25
Q

What are the treatment options for liver fluke and when are they to be used?

A

Albendazole- spring summer
Oxyclozanide- spring summer
Clorsulon- Late autumn/winter
Nitroxynil- not after 2022- late autumn/winter
Closantel- autumn
Tricalbendazole- autumn

26
Q

Which drugs used for liver fluke and target the adult stage?

A

Albendazole

Oxyclozanide

Clorsulon

Nitroxynil- not from 2022

27
Q

What stage is Closantel and Triclabendazole effective against?

A

Clostantel- 6 weeks +

Triclabendazole- 2 weeks +

28
Q

What is the common name for Paramphistomes?

A

Rumen fluke

29
Q

What is the predominant species of rumen fluke in the UK?

A

Calicophoron daubneyi- affects both sheep and cattle

30
Q

What is the intermediate host for calicophoron daubneyi?

A

Same as F.hepatica- G. truncatula

31
Q

How can eggs of F.hepatica be distinguished from C.daubneyi?

A

Similar size so difference in colour
F.hepatica golden brown

C.daubneyi clear

32
Q

What is the clincal disease of Calicophoron daubneyi?

A

Acute infection when large numbers of metacercariae excyst en masse in duodenum

33
Q

How is C. daubneyi diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis- faecal egg counts, post-moretum

Treatment-
Closantel- effective but only as an oral drench
Oxyclozanide- shown to be effective against immature and adults

34
Q

What is the lamen term of Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

A

The lancet fluke

Found in Nothern Scotland

35
Q

What animals does a lancet flukes life cycle involve?

A

Land snails and brown ants

36
Q

What disease does the lancet fluke cause?

A

Liver cirrhosis and cholangitis

37
Q

What parasite is this?

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

or

Lancet fluke

38
Q

What parasite egg is this?

A

Lancet fluke egg

39
Q

What parasite is this?

A

Schistoma spp- Blood fluke

Image shows a female inside a male after mating

Important human disease as parasites use water snails and emerge and swim to host and burrow through skin (humans)

Year 3 Parasitology (28 decks)

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