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Year 3 Parasitology > Eimeria > Flashcards

Eimeria Flashcards

1
Q

How does diffetent poultry systems affect parasites?

A

Boilers, Layer replacment, Layers-
Commercial flocks with thousands of birds, very tight margins, high biosecurity

Free range-
As above, but additional risks from wild birds

Hobby-
Small numbers often free range, less biosecurity

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2
Q

Which system of poultry is more likely to be exposed to parasites?

A

Free range- more likely to be exposed to parasites in environment, soil, wild birds can be reservoirs

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3
Q

What different families of parasites can affect poultry?

A

Nematodes

Ectoparasites

Protozoa

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4
Q

How many species of Eimeria are there in chickens and turkeys?

A

Chickens- 7

Turkeys- 2

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

When is eimeria disease most likely seen?

A

When the conditions for parasite survival are optimal

Under intesification, facilitating spread by faeco-oral

Warm, moist conditions- enabling rapid and successful sporulation

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7
Q

What are the three general stages of coccidiosis (eimeria) life cycle?

A

Sporulation

Infection and schizogony

Gametogony- sexual division

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8
Q

This is a sketch of a stage within Eimeria spp

What stage is it and describe what the arrows are pointing to?

A

Infective stage- sporulated oocyst

Top arrow- Oocyst
Middle arrow- sporocyst
Bottom arrow- sporozoite

Each sporulated oocyst has 4 sporocysts- each of which has 2 sporozoites

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9
Q

Describe the life cycle of Eimeria (Eimeria tenella)

A
  • Unsporulated oocyst passed in faeces of bird- undergoes sporogony- sporulated oocyst
  • The sporulated oocyst is ingested- wall of oocyst/sporocyst ruptures and sporozoite infect epithelial cells of caecum
  • Sporozoite asexually reproduces into schizont
  • Shizont causes rupture of cell and releases (now) merozoites
  • Repeats infection and asexual reproduction- secondary schizogony
  • Gameteogony occurs- producing macrogamete (F) or microgamete (M)
  • Fertilisation occurs forming Zygote
  • Zygote becomes unsporulated ooccyst

PPP- 5-7 days
Self-limiting infection

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10
Q

What are the following life cycle stages?

(top right is two- above and below)

A
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11
Q

What are the influcencing factors on epidemiology of Coccidiosis?

A

Parasite- survical of oocysts in environment, low numbers persist in housing as impractival to completely remove

Host- naieve, susceptible young

Immunity- good immunity follows natural infection

Environmental conditions- intensive husbandry, can provide ideal conditions

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12
Q

What causes disease to occur?

A

Rapid rise in oocysts- ideal conditions

Population of susceptible birds

Disease at 3-6 weeks of age

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13
Q

How is Coccidiosis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs:
Diarrhoea, live listless, death

PM Exam-
Appearance of parasite stages- schizonts, merozoites

Drop in FCR- subclinical infections

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidiosis?

A

Severity of disease related to paeasite density- high levels of exposure results in more severe disease

Damage to epithelial cells

Heavy infections- haemorrhage- depends on species

Lighter infections- impairs absorptive capacity of gut

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16
Q

How are drugs used to control coccidiosis?

A

Prophylaxis- Ionophores

Broilers- aim to eliminate disease and optimise growth
Life time in feed from hatching to withdrawal

Layers- aim to allow immunity to develop
Step down programmes, drug of low efficacy

Treatment- Toltrazuril

17
Q

Other then use of drugs for prophylaxis and treatment how can coccidiosis be controlled?

A

Hygiene
Adjunct to control by drugs not sufficient alone

Vaccination
Strong immunity- species specific
Live attenuated- precocious strains

18
Q

What species of parasite cause Coccidiosis in Mammals?

A

Eimeria and Isospora spp

Young animals- cattle, sheep, pigs, rabbits

Similar life-cycle characteristics
Isospora- 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites

Pathogenic and non-pathogenic species

19
Q

How does mammalian coccidiosis affect sheep and how is it diagnosed?

A

Disease in young lambs

10 species- 2 are most pathogenic:
E. crandalis
E. ovinodalis

Caecum and colon infected

Clinical signs- diarrhoea, dehydration, abdominal pain, anorexia

Diagnosis- history, clinical signs, oocytes in faeces

20
Q

How does coccidiosis affect cattle?

A

Usually under 1 yo
20 species 2 most pathogenic
E. zuernii, E. bovis

Housed, older animals

Caecum and colon

Clinical signs- dysentry, diarrhoea, dehydration, sulphonamides, monesin, decoquinate

Diagnosis- same as sheep- history, clinical signs, oocysts in faces

21
Q

How does coccidiosis affect pigs?

A

Very young piglets

Isospora suis- infect SI- 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

High morbidity, low mortality

Diagnosis dificuly- PM

Prophylaxis of sows to reduce contamination of environment

22
Q

How does coccidiosis affect rabbits?

A

E. stiedae

Wasting, diarrhoea, jaundice

Epithelium of bile ducts- enlarged liver, white nodules

Diagnosis- PM, Oocysts in faeces

Treatment/prophylacis

23
Q

What ectoparasites are important in poultry?

A

Mites

Lice- pediculosis

24
Q

What burrowing and non-burrowing mites affect chickens?

What two lice families affect lice?

A

Burrowing mites-
Knemidocoptes spp

Non-burrowing mites-
Dermanyssus gallinae
Ornithonyssus sylvarum

Lice-
Menacanthus spp and Lipeurus spp

25
Q

What does this image show and what is its appearance similar to?

A

Knemidocoptes spp

Similar in appearcance and life cylce of sarcoptes scabei

26
Q

How do different Knemidocoptes spp cause different symptoms?

A

Scaly legs- K. mutans

Depliming itch- K. gallinae

Cause extensive crusting and lesions

27
Q

What is the correct name for the poultry red mite?

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

28
Q

What does dermanyssus gallinae feed on?

Why is it important?

Where does it live and feed?

How can is be identified?

A

Feeds on blood- non-burrowing

Major economic importance

Lives in environment feeds on host at night

Appears bright red/grey if engorged/not- 1mm in size, long legs, D-shaped anal plate

29
Q

What is the significance of the poultry red mite?

A

There may be pruritis, papules and crust on birds

Birds become debilitated, stop feeding

Anaemia due to blood feeding

Diagnosis may be difficult- rarely recovered

Speceific acaricides are required, need to treat accomodation- eradication is difficult

30
Q

What is the Northern Fowl Mite also known as?

A

Ornithonyssus sylvarum

31
Q

What are the similarities and differences between northern fowl and red poultry mite?

A

Similarities-
Both non-burrowing
Morphologically similar
Both blood feeders

Differences-
Permanent blood suckers
Causes discoloration of feathers
Anal plate is pear-shaped in northern

32
Q

What are the three major genera of lice and where are they found?

A

Lipeurus caponis- underside of wings, tail feathers

Menacanthis stramineus- chicken body louse

Menopon gallinae- shaft louse

33
Q

What occurs when birds are infested with lice?

A

Unable to rest, irritated, body weight decreases, egg production drops

Mainly autumn and winter- feed on feather and down

34
Q

What lice is this?

A

Liperurus spp

Year 3 Parasitology (28 decks)

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