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Spring 2020 - Chemistry & Physics > Fluids, Solutions and Their Behavior - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Fluids, Solutions and Their Behavior - Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are fluids?

A
  • Something that can flow
  • Can be liquid or gas
  • Basic forces cause fluids to flow
  • Assume shape of container
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2
Q

Hydrostatics

A

Study of fliuds that are NOT moving

Density and Pressure

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3
Q

Hydrodynamics

A

Study of fluids in motion

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4
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure of the entire fluid by the same amount

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5
Q

Bouyancy

A

All fluids exert a bouyant force on immersed objects equally on all sides of the object

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6
Q

Archimedes Principle

A

An object immersed either totally or partially in fluid feels bouyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

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7
Q

If an object sinks, the bouyant force is _____ than the true weight of the object.

If it floats, the bouyant force is ______ than the true weight of the object.

A

Less

Greater

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8
Q

Hydrometer

A

A weighted device that measures specific gravity of fluids

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9
Q

Flow Rate

A

Volume of fluid passing a point per unit time

Units of volume divided by time’

m3/s

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10
Q

Speed and Diameter

A
  • Narrowing of tube causes speed to increase tremendously
  • Flow rate remains the same.
  • Volumes remain the same, while shapes change
  • Fluid flows at greater speed through narrow part of tube
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11
Q

Bernoulli’s Principle

A

As the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

Fluid pressure is inversely related to speed

EX: Lift of airplanes, show cutains sucked towards you whe you turn on shower

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12
Q

Venturi Tube Flowmeter

A

Device used to measure fluid speeds in pipes.

Basis for neb treatment delivery.

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13
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

High Viscosity = flow slower

Low Viscosity = flow faster

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14
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Describes resistance to flow through a tube

  • Pressure increases proportional to flow rate & gas viscocity
  • Small airway radius and longer distances increase flow resistance
  • R = (8 x L x n) / (π x r4) *R: resistance, L: length, n: viscosity, r: radius
  • Reducing r by 16% will double R
  • Reducing r by 50% will increase R by 16x

***Only applies to laminar flow***

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15
Q

Reynold’s Number

A
  • NR - dimensionless quantity used to characterize fluid flow
  • Measures tendency for turbulence to occur, (> 2000)
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16
Q

Relationship of Reynold’s Number to viscosity

A

Inversely Proportional

17
Q

Relationship of Reynold’s Number to density, velocity, and tube diameter

A

Proportional

18
Q

Solution

A

Homeogenous mixture that has one or more solutes uniformly dispersed

  • Solvent - the larger amount
  • Solute - the smaller amount
19
Q

Molality (m)

A

m = moles solute / kg solvent

Never equal to Molarity

Useful for physical chemistry

20
Q

Molarity (M)

A

M = moles solute / L solution

Never equal to molality

Useful for solution stoichiometry

21
Q

Solubility

A

The amount of solute that will dissove in a given amount of solvent

  • Like Dissovles Like
  • Polar to Polar; Nonpolar to Nonpolar
  • EX:
    • Lidocaine Hydrochloride soluble in water/blood
    • Organic compounds, like most injectable meds, to be relatively insoluble in a water-based medium like blood.
22
Q

Saturated

A

Contains the max amount of solute

23
Q

Supersaturated

A

Not a stable system

Contains more solute allowed by the solubility

EX: Solid out of solution
Bubbling out as gas

24
Q

Miscible

A

When two liquids are soluble in eachother in all proportions

EX: Alcohol & Water

25
Q

Solvation Process

A

Energy/Heat required to break/solvate chemical bonds

Energy to break bond > Energy released = Endothermic

Energy released > Energy to break bond = Exothermic

26
Q

How does pressure effect solubility

A

Directly Proportional

  • For Gas: As pressure increases, solubility increases (w/ constant Temp)
    • Henry’s Law
27
Q

How does Temperature effect Solubility

A
  • Gas: As temperature increases, solubiilty decreases
  • Liquids and Solids: As temperature increases, solubility generally increase
28
Q

Colligative Properties

A
  • Only depend on number of particles, not identity
  1. Vapor Pressure decrease w/ solute increase
  2. Boiling Point increase w/ solute increase
  3. Freezing Point decrease w/ solute increase
  4. Osmotic pressure increase w/ solute increase
29
Q

Vapor Pressure

A
  • Results from most energetic molecules at surface escaping to gas phase
  • VPsolution < VPsolvent
  • Raoult’s Law - VP of volatile component of a solution = VP of pure substance x mole fraction of that substance
30
Q

Boiling Point Elevation

A
  • Temperature at which VP of the material = ambient pressure
  • VP of a solution is decreased by adding nonvolative solutes, a higher temp needed to drive the VP up to where it equals ambient pressure
  • Boiling point increases as concentration of solutes increases. - directly proportion to molal concentration of solute.
  • EX: Adding salt to water slightly increase BP
31
Q

Freezing Point Depression

A

Temperature at which liquid phase of material is in equilibrium with solid phase.

  • Molecules/atoms need to settle in an orderly, lattice struture. - presence of solutes interferes by getting in the way
  • Need to cool sample to lower temps, lowering kinetic energy, before they settle into solid phase
32
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A
  • Tonicity - the relative concentration of solutes in osmotic system
  • Isotonic - equal concentrations of particles
  • Hypertonic - greater concentration
  • Hypotonic - lower concentration
  • Osmosis - diffusion of water from higher concentration to area of lower concentration
33
Q

Colloids

A
  • Not true solutions - one phase uniformly dispersed in a second phase
  • Particle size: 200nm
    • might be super-size molecules or aggregates of ions
  • Colloidal particles cant be filtered and do not settle out of solution
  • EX: Blood, milk, jelly, albumin
34
Q

Drug + Salt = Acid or Base?

A

Weak base

EX: Morphine Sulfate, Lidocaine HCL

Spring 2020 - Chemistry & Physics (8 decks)

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