Fluids, Solutions and Their Behavior - Quiz 1

Question 1

What are fluids?

Answer 1

• Something that can flow
• Can be liquid or gas
• Basic forces cause fluids to flow
• Assume shape of container

Question 2

Hydrostatics

Answer 2

Study of fliuds that are NOT moving

Density and Pressure

Question 3

Hydrodynamics

Answer 3

Study of fluids in motion

Question 4

Pascal’s Principle

Answer 4

The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure of the entire fluid by the same amount

Question 5

Bouyancy

Answer 5

All fluids exert a bouyant force on immersed objects equally on all sides of the object

Question 6

Archimedes Principle

Answer 6

An object immersed either totally or partially in fluid feels bouyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

Question 7

If an object sinks, the bouyant force is _____ than the true weight of the object.

If it floats, the bouyant force is ______ than the true weight of the object.

Answer 7

Less

Greater

Question 8

Hydrometer

Answer 8

A weighted device that measures specific gravity of fluids

Question 9

Flow Rate

Answer 9

Volume of fluid passing a point per unit time

Units of volume divided by time’

m³/s

Question 10

Speed and Diameter

Answer 10

• Narrowing of tube causes speed to increase tremendously
• Flow rate remains the same.
• Volumes remain the same, while shapes change
• Fluid flows at greater speed through narrow part of tube

Question 11

Bernoulli’s Principle

Answer 11

As the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases

Fluid pressure is inversely related to speed

EX: Lift of airplanes, show cutains sucked towards you whe you turn on shower

Question 12

Venturi Tube Flowmeter

Answer 12

Device used to measure fluid speeds in pipes.

Basis for neb treatment delivery.

Question 13

Viscosity

Answer 13

Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

High Viscosity = flow slower

Low Viscosity = flow faster

Question 14

Poiseuille’s Law

Answer 14

Describes resistance to flow through a tube

• Pressure increases proportional to flow rate & gas viscocity
• Small airway radius and longer distances increase flow resistance
• R = (8 x L x n) / (π x r⁴) *R: resistance, L: length, n: viscosity, r: radius
• Reducing r by 16% will double R
• Reducing r by 50% will increase R by 16x

***Only applies to laminar flow***

Question 15

Reynold’s Number

Answer 15

• N_R - dimensionless quantity used to characterize fluid flow
• Measures tendency for turbulence to occur, (> 2000)

Question 16

Relationship of Reynold’s Number to viscosity

Answer 16

Inversely Proportional

Question 17

Relationship of Reynold’s Number to density, velocity, and tube diameter

Answer 17

Proportional

Question 18

Solution

Answer 18

Homeogenous mixture that has one or more solutes uniformly dispersed

• Solvent - the larger amount
• Solute - the smaller amount

Question 19

Molality (m)

Answer 19

m = moles solute / kg solvent

Never equal to Molarity

Useful for physical chemistry

Question 20

Molarity (M)

Answer 20

M = moles solute / L solution

Never equal to molality

Useful for solution stoichiometry

Question 21

Solubility

Answer 21

The amount of solute that will dissove in a given amount of solvent

• Like Dissovles Like
• Polar to Polar; Nonpolar to Nonpolar
• EX:
  
  • Lidocaine Hydrochloride soluble in water/blood
  • Organic compounds, like most injectable meds, to be relatively insoluble in a water-based medium like blood.

Question 22

Saturated

Answer 22

Contains the max amount of solute

Question 23

Supersaturated

Answer 23

Not a stable system

Contains more solute allowed by the solubility

EX: Solid out of solution
Bubbling out as gas

Question 24

Miscible

Answer 24

When two liquids are soluble in eachother in all proportions

EX: Alcohol & Water

Question 25

Solvation Process

Answer 25

Energy/Heat required to break/solvate chemical bonds Energy to break bond \> Energy released = Endothermic Energy released \> Energy to break bond = Exothermic

Question 26

How does pressure effect solubility

Answer 26

Directly Proportional * For Gas: **As pressure increases, solubility increases (w/ constant Temp)** * Henry's Law

Question 27

How does Temperature effect Solubility

Answer 27

* Gas: As temperature increases, solubiilty decreases * Liquids and Solids: As temperature increases, solubility generally increase

Question 28

Colligative Properties

Answer 28

* Only depend on number of particles, not identity 1. Vapor Pressure decrease w/ solute increase 2. Boiling Point increase w/ solute increase 3. Freezing Point decrease w/ solute increase 4. Osmotic pressure increase w/ solute increase

Question 29

Vapor Pressure

Answer 29

* Results from most energetic molecules at surface escaping to gas phase * VP_solution \< VP_solvent * Raoult's Law - VP of volatile component of a solution = VP of pure substance x mole fraction of that substance

Question 30

Boiling Point Elevation

Answer 30

* Temperature at which VP of the material = ambient pressure * VP of a solution is decreased by adding nonvolative solutes, a higher temp needed to drive the VP up to where it equals ambient pressure * Boiling point increases as concentration of solutes increases. - directly proportion to molal concentration of solute. * EX: Adding salt to water slightly increase BP

Question 31

Freezing Point Depression

Answer 31

Temperature at which liquid phase of material is in equilibrium with solid phase. * Molecules/atoms need to settle in an orderly, lattice struture. - presence of solutes interferes by getting in the way * Need to cool sample to lower temps, lowering kinetic energy, before they settle into solid phase

Question 32

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 32

* Tonicity - the relative concentration of solutes in osmotic system * Isotonic - equal concentrations of particles * Hypertonic - greater concentration * Hypotonic - lower concentration * Osmosis - diffusion of water from higher concentration to area of lower concentration

Question 33

Colloids

Answer 33

* Not true solutions - one phase uniformly dispersed in a second phase * Particle size: 200nm * might be super-size molecules or aggregates of ions * Colloidal particles cant be filtered and do not settle out of solution * EX: Blood, milk, jelly, albumin

Question 34

Drug + Salt = Acid or Base?

Answer 34

Weak base EX: Morphine Sulfate, Lidocaine HCL