Basics of Chemistry & Physics - Session 1 - Quiz 1 Flashcards
Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
An object at rest remains at rest until a force acts upon it
Velocity
How position of object changes with time
Vectors…
Have both magnitude and direction, can be added together
Acceleration
How velocity changes with time
Force
Push or pull, related to mass by Newton’s Second Law. Required for acceleration.
Force Formula
F = ma
- F*: force
- m*: mass
- a*: acceleration
Gravity
Universal attraction between all objects, related to Newton’s Third Law
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Gravity of Earth
9.8 m/s2 = 32.2 ft./s2
Weight
Gravitational force exerted on an object by a larger object, calculated using Newton’s Second Law
Formula for Weight
W = mg
- W*: weight
- m*: mass (kg)
- g*: gravity (m/s2)
Pressure can be increased by…
Increasing applied force or decreasing the area force is applied
Pressure can be decreased by…
Decreasing applied force or increasing the area forced is applied
1 atm = ? torr
760 torr
760 torr = ? mmHg
760 mmHg
Formula for Pressure
Pressure = Force/Area
How does a Barometer work?
Atomospheric pressure pushes down on mercury reservoir, which forces murcury column higher
How does a Manometer work?
Measures pressure differences. Connect one end to system being measured and leave other end open to atomsphere then measure height difference
How does Bourdon Gauge work?
Aneroid style gauge commonly found on gas cylinders. Coiled tube coupled to pointer measures difference between pressure exerted by gas and atomspheric pressure.
Ptotal =
Pgauge + Patm
Work
Expenditure of energy. Force acting through a distance.
Formula for Work
W = F x d
- W*: work (J)
- F*: force
- d*: distance
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Energy
Capacity for doing work. Cannot be lost, but converted
calorie
Amount of energy needed to raise temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only converted to other kinds of energy
Internal Energy
Sum of all kinetic and potential energies of a system
Thermodynamics
Study of energy, how it is interconverted to different forms, and how it flows in/out of thermodynamic systems
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
2 objects A/B are same temperature. B/C are same temperatue. A/C are equal temperature (thermal equilibrium) and no heat will flow between A/C.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Change in internal energy is equal to sum of heat flow of system and work by/on system.
Formula for Change in Internal Energy
ΔU = Q + W
- ΔU*: change internal energy
- Q*: heat
- W*: work
Endothermic
Q > 0
Energy flows into system
Exothermic
Q < 0
Energy flows out of system
Expansion
W < 0
Work done by system
Compression
W > 0
Work done on the system
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat will spontaneously flow from hot object to cold object. Disorder will never be seen to decrease
Entropy
Measure of randomness or disorder
Third Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute 0
Kinetic Molecular Theory
An ideal gas will have a temperature proportional to the kinetic energy of the molecules in that gas sample
Heat Capacity
Heat required to raise temperature of a given material
Types of Heat Transfer
- Radiation 40%
- Convection 30%
- Conduction 20%
- Evaporation 10%
Convection
Heat transfer caused by movement of liquid or gas
EX: air above heat source/flame
Conduction
Transfer of heat by direct interaction of molecules in hot area w/ molecules in cooler area. Thermal conductivity of a material is the measure of efficiency
EX: Placing patient on cold table = cools patient
Radiation
Energy emitted from an object. Requires no physical medium or contact.
Evaporation
Heat lost through Respiration
Thermal Expansion
Increase in heat will cause object to expand. Expansion is constant and in all directions
Power
Rate of doing work or expending energy
Forumla for Power (watt)
P = W/t
- P*: average power
- W*: work
- t*: time
Heat Capacity Formula
C = Q/ΔT
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Acceleration depends on two things:
net force acting on object and mass of object
Specific Heat
Amount of heat (Q) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of material by one degree Celsius
