Fluid, Electrolytes, Acids, & Bases

Question 1

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 1

capillary to intersititial

Question 2

Capillary oncotic pressure

Answer 2

interstitial to capillary

Question 3

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Answer 3

interstitial to capillary

Question 4

Interstitial oncotic pressure

Answer 4

capillary to interstitial

Question 5

What is edema/hypervolemia?

Answer 5

the excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space

Question 6

What forces are involved in edema/hypervolemia?

Answer 6

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreases plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, lymphatic channel obstruction

Question 7

Localized manifestation of edema

Answer 7

limited to the site of trauma or within a particular organ system

Question 8

Generalized manifestation of edema

Answer 8

uniformed distribution - dependent (lower force of gravity)

Question 9

Other clinical manifestations of edema?

Answer 9

weight gain, swelling, puffiness, limited ROM, crackles, adventitious, lung sounds, respiratory distress, bounding pulse

Question 10

Clinical dehydration/hypovolemia

Answer 10

too small of volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment (vascular and interstitial); body fluids are too concentrated; fluid loss, reduced fluid intake, fluid shifts

Question 11

Clinical manifestations of hypervolemia

Answer 11

poor skin turgor, tenting, tachycardia, dry mucus membranes, hypotension, weight loss, sunken fontanelles, crying with no tears, decreased & concentrated urine complain of thirst

Question 12

Calcium electrolyte concentration

Answer 12

9 - 11 mg/dL

Question 13

Magnesium electrolyte concentration

Answer 13

1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L

Question 14

Phosphate electrolyte concentration

Answer 14

2.5 - 4.5 mg/dl

Question 15

Potassium electrolyte concentration

Answer 15

3.5 - 5 mEq/L

Question 16

Sodium electrolyte concentration

Answer 16

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 17

Sodium

Answer 17

major extracellular fluid cation

Question 18

Hyponatremia

Answer 18

serum sodium concentration below the lower limit of normal, extracellular fluid contains relatively too much water for the amount of Na present; more dilute

Question 19

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia

Answer 19

nonspecific CNS dysfunction, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, HA, confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma, fatal cerebral herniation

Question 20

Hypernatremia

Answer 20

Most intracellular fluid cationSerum sodium concentration above the higher limit of normal; extracellular fluid contains relatively too little water for the amount of Na present; more concentrated

Question 21

Clinical manifestations of hypernatremia

Answer 21

thirst, dry mucous membranes, hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria, muscle irritability, agitation, confusion, lethargy

Question 22

Potassium

Answer 22

major intracellular fluid cation

Question 23

Hypokalemia

Answer 23

decreased potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

Question 24

What is hypokalemia caused by?

Answer 24

decrease K intake, shifts into the cell, increase K excretion or loss (renal or GO)

Question 25

Clinical manifestations of hypokalemia

Answer 25

hyperpolarized smooth and skeletal muscle cells - less reactive to stimuli, abdominal distention, diminished bowel sounds, ileus, postural hypotension, skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 26

Hyperkalemia

Answer 26

elevation of potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid

Question 27

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 27

increased intake, shifts to extracellular fluid, decrease excretion

Question 28

Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia

Answer 28

hyperpolarized smooth and skeletal muscle cells, milk intestinal cramping and diarrhea, skeletal muscle weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Question 29

Calcium

Answer 29

Vital for cell permeability, bone and teeth formation, blood coagulation, nerve impulse transmission, and normal muscle contraction

Question 30

Hypocalcemia

Answer 30

low serum calcium

Question 31

Causes of hypocalcemia

Answer 31

decreased intake/absorption, decrease in physiologic availability, increase excretion

Question 32

Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia

Answer 32

increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle twitching, cramping, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, seizures, dysrhythmias

Question 33

Hypercalcemia

Answer 33

Excess serum calcium

Question 34

Causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 34

increased intake or absorption, shift from bone to ECF, decrease excretion

Question 35

What three major mechanisms regulate acid-base status of body?

Answer 35

buffers, respiratory system, renal system

Question 36

Normal lab values for PaCo2

Answer 36

36 - 44 mmHg

Question 37

Normal lab values for HCO3-

Answer 37

22 - 26 mEq/L

Question 38

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 38

any condition that causes excess of carbonic acid

Question 39

Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

h/a, tachy, cardiac dysrhythmias, neuro, blurred vision, tremors, vertigo, disorientation, lethargy

Question 40

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 40

any condition that causes a carbonic acid deficit

Question 41

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 41

increased neuromuscular excitability, numbness, intgling, feet and hand spasms, excitation and/or confusion, cerebral vasoconstriction, decreased

Question 42

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 42

relative excess of any acid except carbonic acid

Question 43

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 43

any condition that causes a relative deficit of any acid (except carbonic acid)