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Patho Pharm Quiz 1 > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

When presented with a challenge, cells:

A

Withstand stress going on and return to normal, adapt, or die

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2
Q

A reversible cell:

A

Withstands stress going on

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3
Q

Reversible cells include

A

Hydropic and cell accumulations

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4
Q

A “generally” reversible cell:

A

Adapts

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5
Q

Generally reversible cells include

A

Atropy, Hypertrophy, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

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6
Q

An irreversible cell

A

dies

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7
Q

Irreversible cells include

A

Necrosis and Apoptosis

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8
Q

Hydropic reversible cell injury is:

A

an accumulation of water inside a cell (swelling); it is the first manifestation of reversible cell injury and results from a malfunction of NA - K pumps.

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9
Q

Intracellular accumulation reversible cell injury is

A

an excessive amount of normal substances (supposed to be there but too much of it); accumulations of abnormal substances produced by cell because of issue; accumulation of pigments and particles that cell is unable to degrade

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10
Q

Atrophy cellular adaptation is when

A

cells shrink and reduce their differentiated function; its a protective measure but leads to atrophy

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11
Q

What are causes of atrophy

A

disuse or immobilization and poor nutrition, starvation, and poor endocrine processes

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy in cellular adaptation?

A

An increase in cell size accompanied by augmented (increased) functional capacity

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia in cellular adaptation?

A

An increase in number of cells by mitotic division

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14
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A response to persistent injury; replacement of one differentiated cell type with another (making a change)

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15
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

A response to persistent injury; disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement

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16
Q

What is necrosis?

A

External injury or ischemia characterized by cell to rupture, leading to spillage of intracellular causing inflammation; disruption of plasma and cell membranes

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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Either the natural time for cell to die or something happens to signal it to die; no inflammation because an organized death (cell breaks apart and phagocytic cells come eat it

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18
Q

What percentage of apoptosis and necrosis is a heart attack?

A

80% apoptosis, 20% necrosis

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19
Q

Hypoxia =

A

poor oxygenation

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20
Q

Ischemia =

A

interruption of blood flow

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21
Q

What does ischemia lead to?

A

Hypoxia

22
Q

What is the mechanism of cell injury?

A

ATP production in cell stalls, ATP dependent pump fails, NA accumulates and brings water inside cell, Excess Ca in the mitochondria interferes, glycogen stores are depleted, lactate is produced, pH falls and cellular components are more dysfunctional

23
Q

What is calcium overload?

A

When you re-prefuse something, it causes calcium overload, triggering apoptosis which signals cells to shut down

24
Q

How do reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals) form?

A

they have unpaired electrons that steal hydrogen from molecules causing free radicals (vicious cycle)

25
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Produces damage to surrounding cells

26
Q

What are some causes of cellular injuries?

A

Nutritional deficiencies, nutritional excess, chemicals, physical and mechanical injuries, infectious and immunologic causes, and virus or indirect immunologic responses

27
Q

What are some examples of nutritional deficiencies and excess?

A

D: Iron deficiency, Vitamin D deficiency, lack of protein or food, fad diet, malabsorption. E: excess sodium, diabetes, obesity

28
Q

What are some examples of chemical causes of cellular injury?

A

free radicals, heavy metals, lead, mercury exposure to fetus, toxic gases, ozone, carbon monoxide

29
Q

What are some physical and mechanical injuries that lead to cellular injuries?

A

Temperature too extreme (heat strokes, cramps), temperature to low (frostbite, ischemic), abrasion, trauma, electrical, radiation

30
Q

What are some infectious and immunologic causes of cellular injuries?

A

bacteria, endotoxins and exotoxins

31
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Endotoxins: toxins INSIDE cell wall of bacteria that is released when bacteria dies and cell wall breaks

32
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxins produced and excreted by bacteria to protect it and keep it alive; they interfere with cellular functions

33
Q

What type of drug is Asprin?

A

NSAID

34
Q

What type of drug is oxycodone and morphine sulfate?

A

Opioid analgesic

35
Q

NSAID Cox 1

A

found in most tissues, responsible for synthesizing the prostaglandins that maintain gastric mucosa and renal function; protective factors

36
Q

NSAID Cox 2

A

normally not present in healthy cells; pain, fever, inflammation (how we know something hurts)

37
Q

Aspirin use and dose

A

Nonselective, irreversible inhibitor of Cox; 81 - 650 mg per every 4 hours as needed for more acute indications; 81 - 325 mg per oral for many chronic indications

38
Q

Aspirin therapeutic uses

A

inflammation, suppression, analgesia, antipyretic

39
Q

When and why can you not use aspirin as an antipyretic?

A

For pediatric fever because it can cause Reye’s syndrome

40
Q

What are adverse effects of aspirin?

A

GI effects, bleeding (both because of Cox 1 inhibition), renal impairment, salicylate, toxicity, ringing in ears

41
Q

What are drug interactions of Aspirian

A

other NSAIDS (double the adverse effects), glucocorticoids (GI ulcers), anticoagulants

42
Q

What are the 2 opioid receptors?

A

Mu, Kappa, and Delta receptors

43
Q

Mu receptors target:

A

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, decreased GI motility, physical dependence

44
Q

Kappa receptors target:

A

analgesia & sedation, decreased GI motility

45
Q

Delta receptors target:

A

pain and depression treatments

46
Q

What is the prototypical opioud analgesic?

A

Morphine

47
Q

What is morphine and oxycodone’s MOA?

A

mimic action of endogenous opioid peptides primarily at mu receptors

48
Q

Drug interactions of morphine & oxycodone?

A

CNS depressants, anticholinergic drugs, hypotensive drugs

49
Q

Adverse effects of morphine and oxycodone?

A

respiratory depression, constipation, orthostatic, hypotension, urinary retention, cough suppression, sedation, euphoria

50
Q

What is tolerance?

A

state in which a larger dose is required to produce the same response as before of a smaller dose

51
Q

What is physical dependence?

A

state in which abstinence syndrome will occur if drug use is abruptly stopped 0 this is physiologic

52
Q

What is addiction?

A

condition manifesting as uncontrallable craving, inability to control drug use, compulsive drug use, and use despite doing harm to oneself or others - this is behavioral

Patho Pharm Quiz 1 (7 decks)

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