fluid concentrations Flashcards
osmolality is measured in:
milliOsmols/kg (kg)
osmolality is:
used to assess body’s state of water balance.
osmolarity is measure in:
milliOsmols/L (liter)
high osmolality =
water deficit
low osmolality =
water excess
isotonic - normal saline (0.9% NaCl)
equal to - match (think “I - so perfect”), nothing needs to change so doesn’t cause any change - remain intravascular
hypotonic - 1/2 normal saline
fluids moving into cells (think - swell- hippo)
cells will swell
hypertonic- D5 normal saline
hyper = energy; makes cells skinny; fluid pulled from cell
cells will shrink
______ - the cells inflate and eventually burst, water is transported into the cell, solute concentration inside the cell is ___
hypotonic; higher
_____ - amount of water transported into the cell equal to the amount of water transported out from the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is ____ outside the cell
isotonic; equal
_____- the cells shrink. Water is transported out from the cell. Solute concentration inside the cell is ___
hypertonic; lower
____ system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them into the bloodstream
the lymphatic system
the lymphatic system also helps defend the body against _____ by supplying disease-fighting cells call ____
infection; lymphocytes
maintaining balance:
kidneys, Anti-diuretic hormone, Renin-angiotension-aldosterone system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, THIRST
____ regulates sodium by releasing ____ to increase sodium reabsorption by maintaining ECF volume and excreting potassium
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
the _____ _____ gland secretes ____ which regulates fluid volume in the body. When released, the ____ reabsorbs water, increasing urine concentration and inhibiting ADH
posterior pituitary; ADH; kidney
____ changes the ____ pressure by changing concentration levels. Where ______ goes, ____ flows
sodium; osmotic; sodium goes, water flows
kidneys regulate:
fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine volume and the excretion of electrolytes
if the kidneys lose __ to __ % fluid, kidney reabsorbs more water = concentrated urine
1-2%
the kidneys also:
remove excess wastes from the body
___ & ____ are also either filtered or reabsorbed in the kidneys
sodium & potassium
7 functions of the kidneys:
AWETBED
A - controlling ACID-base balance
W - controlling WATER balance
E - maintaining ELECTROLYTE balance
T - removing TOXINS and waste products from the body
B - controlling BLOOD PRESSURE
E - producing the hormone: ERYTHROPOIETIN
D - activating vitamin D
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):
produced by the hypothalamus and stored in pituitary
ADH restores blood volume by:
reducing diuresis, increasing water retention, and vasoconstricts
_____ is the medication from ADH
vasopressin (Desmopressin)
if body is dehydrated (deficit of body water), ADH is ______ and water is ____ or conserved, so urine is concentrated
increased; absorbed
if body is hydrated (excess body water), less ADH is _____ and less water is absorbed so urine is diluted
released
angiotension is:
protein whose presence in the blood promotes aldosterone secretion and tends to raise BP
aldosterone functions in the body:
water regulator, causes kidneys to retain Na+ and water, released if Na+ is low and K+ high
aldosterone is a ____ hormone by the ____ ____
steroid hormone; adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal gland)
too much aldosterone can cause ____ BP and a build-up of fluid in the body tissues
high
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):
is a cardiac hormone which gene and receptors are widely present in the body
main function of ANP
lower BP and to control electrolyte homeostasis
ANP is produced and stored in the ____
atria
ATP decreases BP by ____
vasodilation
ANP stops action of ___
RAAS
ANP reduces fluid volume by increasing secretion of ___ & ____
Na+ and water
what does high BNP mean?
BNP levels go up when the heart cannot pump the way it should. a result greater than 100 pg/ml is abnormal. The higher the number, the more likely heart failure is present
THIRST is regulated by
hypothalamus
THIRST is stimulated by increase in ____ and _____ of _____
ECF; drying of mucous membranes
THIRST is the simplest method of maintaining ____
fluid balance
losing body fluids or eating high salty foods leads to an increase in _____
ECF fluid osmolality (concentration)
thirst causes a person to drink fluids, which are absorbed by the _____, moved to _____, and distributed between compartments
intestines; bloodstream
what depletes electrolytes?
where fluids go -> electrolytes go, VPPS (vomiting, peeing, pooping, sweating)
pulling from the cells into vessels
hypertonic
going out the vessels into the cells
hypotonic
if i have a lot of fluid in my body, my bp is going to ____
increase
if i am urinating all my water out, and I shrivel up, my BP would ____
decrease
