Fluid and Electrolyte part 5

Question 1

6. Identify causes and symptoms associated
with:
a. hyper/hypokalemia
b. hyper/hyponatremia
c. hyper/ hypocalcemia
d. hyper/hypomagnesemia
e. hyper/hypophosphatemia

Answer 1

poop

Question 2

What conditions result in 3rd spacing?

Answer 2

• renal and heart failure
• decreased albumin
• excess IV fluids
• hyponatremia
• tissue trauma
• severe burn
• bowel obstruction

Question 3

What conditions result in 3rd spacing?

Answer 3

• renal and heart failure
• decreased albumin
• excess IV fluids
• hyponatremia
• tissue trauma
• severe burn
• bowel obstruction

Question 4

What are the electrolytes simplified functions?

Answer 4

• sodium: EXTRAcellular excitation
• Calcium: neuronal excitation/bones
• Potassium: INTRAcellular excitation
• Phosphorus: muscle contraction
• Magnesium: muscle relaxation

Question 5

What are the causes and symptoms of Hypernatremia?

Answer 5

Causes: meds, meals, diuretics, diabetes insidious, excess H2O loss, low H2O intake
-Symptoms: alteration in mentation (brain cells dehydrated), seizures/coma, tachycardia, postural hypotension, weakness, low urine output, edema, low grade fever, serum sodium <145

Question 6

How do you treat hypernatremia?

Answer 6

• replace fluids with oral or IV iso/hypotonic fluids

- if excess sodium dilute and excrete with diuretics

Question 7

What are the causes and symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 7

• loss of sodium or excess water, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, wound draining.
• Symptoms: weight gain, confusion/headache, edema,

Question 8

What are some major sources of potassium? What are some major functions of potassium?

Answer 8

• Sources: fruits and veggies (bananas/oranges), salt substitutes, meds, stored blood.
• Functions: conduction of nerve/muscle impulses, cellular growth, cardiac rhythms, acid-base balance
• regulated by kidneys

Question 9

What is the normal K+ range?

Answer 9

3.5-5.0

Question 10

6. Identify causes and symptoms associated

with hyperkalemia?

Answer 10

• greater than 5.0
• causes: impaired renal excretion (common in renal failure)
• shift: ICF to ECF, or massive intake
• Symptoms: cardiac dysrhythmia, leg cramping/pain, weak/paralyzed skeletal muscles, cramping/diarrhea,

Question 11

How do you treat Hyperkalemia?

Answer 11

• no K+ intake
• diuretics
• dialysis
• kayexalate
• IV insulin

Question 12

6. Identify causes and symptoms associated

with hypokalemia?

Answer 12

• less than 3.5
• Causes: loss of K+ via kidneys or GI, shift of K+ from ECF to ICF, dietary deficiency, meds (loop diuretics, insulin
• Symptoms: cardiac (shallow T wave) and skeletal muscle problems, weak respiratory muscles, decreased GI motility, hyperglycemia

Question 13

For hypokalemia can KCl be given IV push or as a bolus?

Answer 13

-NO, never give KCl as IV push or bolus it needs to be given via infusion pump

Question 14

What has an inverse relationship with phosphorus?

Answer 14

Calcium: which is balanced by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D

Question 15

What is the normal calcium level?

Answer 15

8.5 to 10.5

Question 16

What are the causes and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 16

• > 10.2
• Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignancy (cancer), prolonged immobilization, increased intake
• symptoms: fatigue, weakness, hallucinations, coma, cardiac dysrhythmias, bone pain, fractures, nephrolithiasis, polyuria, dehydration

Question 17

What are the causes and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 17

<8.6
-Causes: decreased production of parathyroid , multiple blood transfusions, alkalosis, increased calcium loss
-Symptoms: CATS
C: convulsions, Chvostek's 
A: arrhythmias 
T: tetany, tingling, Trousseau's 
S: stridor and spasms