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afsha - malignancy & blood and nutrition > fluid and electrolyte imbalance > Flashcards

fluid and electrolyte imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

signs of hypoK

A

muscle cramps
rhabdomyolsis
fatigue
palpitations
arrhythmias

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2
Q

signs of hyperK

A

fatigue
numbness
nausea
SOB
chest pain
palpitationa

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3
Q

signs of hypoNa

A

nausea
headache
confusion
fatigue
irriability
seizures

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4
Q

signs of hyperNa

A

thirst
fatigue
confusion

Hypernatremia is usually a symptom of dehydration, which occurs when you lose water from your body without losing an equal amount of electrolytes, like sodium

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5
Q

signs of hypoCa

A

muscle cramp
confusion
depressed
forgetful

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6
Q

signs of hyperCa

A

nausea
lethargy
muscle cramps
confusion
arrhythmias

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7
Q

what does hyponatraemia predispose to

A

lithium toxiciiyt

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8
Q

hypoK drugs (ABCDEI)

A

aminophylline/theo
B2 agonists
CCs
Diuretics - loop and thiazide
Eryth/clarith
Insulin

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9
Q

HyperK drugs (THANKS B)

A

trimethoprim
heparins
ACE ARB
NSAIDS
K sparing diuretics
BB

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10
Q

imbalance of potassium can lead to ….

A

cardiac SE e.g. arrhtymiass

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11
Q

hypokalamia presidposes…

A

digoxin toxicity

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12
Q

treatment of mild to moderate hypoK and severe hypoK

A

mild to moderate: oral - sandok tabs

severe: IV KCl in NaCl

replace K+ cautiously in pt with RI bc risk of hyprK secondary to impaired K excretion

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13
Q

why do you need to replace K cautiosuly in pt with RI

A

replace K+ cautiously in pt with RI bc risk of hyprK secondary to impaired K excretion

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14
Q

treatment of mild to moderate hyperK

A

ion exchange resins can be used to remove excess potassium

e.g. calcium resonium

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15
Q

treamtnet of acute sveere hyperK (>6.5)

A

urgent treatment
IV calcium chloride or calcium gluconatee
IV soluble insulin
Sabutamol nebulisation or slow IV injection
drugs exacerbating hyperK need to be reviewed and stopped

note these drugs all cause hypo hence they are being used to treat hyperk

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16
Q

drugs that cause hypoNa

A

carb
diuretics
desmo/vasopression
SSRis

17
Q

way to remmeber drugs that cause hypoNa

A

certain drugs ditch salt
carb, diuretics, desmo, ssri

18
Q

way to remmeber drugs that cause hyperna

A

salty ceo
sodium bicarb/chloride
CCs
effervescent
oestrogens/androgens

19
Q

drugs that cause hyperNa

A

sodium bicarb/chloride
CCs
effervescent forms
osteogens/androgens

20
Q

treatment mild to moderate and severe hypoNa

A

mild to mod: oral sipplements e.g. sodium chloride or bicarb

severe: IV NaCl

21
Q

treatment of severe acute hypoCa or hypoCalciuria tetany

A

inital slow IV calcium gluconate with plasma calciu, and ECG monitoring

arrhythmias can happen if u give it too radpily

repeated if needed, or follow with cont IV infusion to prevent reccurrence

22
Q

treatment of hypercalciuria

A

increase fluid intake and give bendro
reducing calcium intake but not a severe restriction as this can be harmful

23
Q

treatment of hyperCa that is severe

A

correct dehydration with Iv NaCl
discont drugs that cause hyperCa
restrict dietary Ca
use bisphosphonated and pamidronate
CCs used if it is due to sarcoidosis or vit D toxicity
calcitonin used if associated with malignancy

24
Q

hyperparathyroidism - what is it and what can it cause

A

excess PTH leads to hyperCa, hypoPh, Hypercalciuria

symptoms: thirst, polyuria, constipation, fatigue, memory impairment, CVD, kidney stones, osteoporosis

affects 2x women than men
common in women 50-60

25
Q

1st line for primary hyperparathryoidism

A

parathryoidectomy surgery

26
Q

drug treatment of hyperparathyroidism

A

cinacalcet if surgery unsuccessful or declined

in secondary care, measure vit D levels and supplement if needed

to reduce fracture risk give bisphospnonate

27
Q

who can hypoPh occur in

A

alochol dependence
sveere DKA

28
Q

treatment of hypoPh

A

oral phosphate supplenents

29
Q

treatment hyperPh

A

phosphate binding agents e.g. calcium based or non calc based preps

in CKD stage 4/5 manage diet and dialysis before starting agents

  1. calcium acetate
  2. sevelamer
  3. CaCo3 (calc based) or sucroferric oxyhydroxide (non calc based)
30
Q

what is Mg essential for

A

enzyme systems
energy generation
stores in skeleton

31
Q

what can happen to Mg in renal failure

A

hyperMg because its excreted by kidneys

32
Q

symptoms and treatment of hyperMg

A

muscle weakness, arrhythmias
mg toxicity: give calcium gluconate injection

33
Q

treatment of hypoMg: mild or symptomatic

A

mild = oral Mg
symptomatic = IV or IM mg sulfate but IM is painful

afsha - malignancy & blood and nutrition (27 decks)

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