Flores anxiety

Question 1

Prevalence decreases with increased socioeconomic status

Answer 1

anxiety disorders

Question 2

3 major neurotransmitters associated with anxiety disorders (which ones increase and which ones decrease)

Answer 2

(increase) noraderanaline,
(increase) serotonin
(decrease) GABA

Question 3

what drugs increase noraderenaline and provoke frequent severe panic attacks?

Answer 3

beta adrenergic receptor agonists –> isoproterenol
alpha 2 adrenergic receptor antagonists –> yohibine

(Clonidine –> alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist so reduces anxiety)

Question 4

acute stress causes an increase in serotonin in what areas of brain

Answer 4

prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, lateral hypothalamus

Question 5

what drugs increase serotonin effects causing anxiety

Answer 5

McPP and fenfluaramine

also hallucinogens and stimulants like LSD and MDMA are associated with development of anxiety

Question 6

what drug enhances the efficacy of GABA decreasing anxiety

Answer 6

benzos

at type A receptor

Question 7

in the fear network : Viscerosensory info is conveyed to the ________ by the _____ and the ______

Answer 7

amygdala by the thalamus and primary viscerosensory cortices

Question 8

In the fear network: contextual info is stored in the ________ and conveyed directly to the ______

Answer 8

hippocampus to the amygdala

Question 9

Efferent pathways of amygdala relevant to anxiety , What brain regions causes:
physio and behavior arousal

Answer 9

locus cereleus by increasing NA

Question 10

Efferent pathways of amygdala relevant to anxiety , What brain regions causes:
defensive behavior and postural freezing

Answer 10

periaqueductal gray regions

Question 11

Efferent pathways of amygdala relevant to anxiety , What brain regions causes:
Activation of pHA (i think HPA), releasing adrenocorticoids

Answer 11

hypothalmic paraventricular nucleus

Question 12

Efferent pathways of amygdala relevant to anxiety , What brain regions causes:
activation of sympathetic nerv system

Answer 12

lateral hypothalamic nucleus

Question 13

Efferent pathways of amygdala relevant to anxiety , What brain regions causes:
influences in resp. rate and timing

Answer 13

parabrachial nucleus

Question 14

the HPA axis physiological stress increases synthesis and release of ____

Answer 14

cortisol

Question 15

what is the role of cortisol in stress

Answer 15

mobilizes and replenishes energy stores and contributes to increased arousal, vigilance, focused attn, and memory formation

Question 16

the social learning model is part of the ________ theory and for what disorder?

Answer 16

behavioral

anxiety

Question 17

GAD must have sever anxiety and worry about several events or activities for most days/ for how long?

Answer 17

at least a 6 month period

Question 18

I GAD is associated with somatic symptoms how many needed? examples of symptoms

Answer 18

3 or more

muscle tension, irritability, difficulty sleeping, restlessness, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating

Question 19

waxing and waning is what prevents this illness from recovery

Answer 19

GAD

Question 20

harboring panic disorder or major depressive disorder= =

Answer 20

GAD

Question 21

GAD treatment:
psychotherapy
Pharm.

Answer 21

cognitive and existential

first line –> SSRIs
Benzos (short term)
Buspirone ***
Second line –> sedating antihistamines, betaadrenergic blocks, clonidine

Question 22

Panic attack peaks within ____ min and lasts ______ needs ______ or more of specified symptoms

Answer 22

10 min
20-30 min/ >60 rare
4 or more

Question 23

panic attacks vs panic disorder

Answer 23

panic disorder are recurrent unexpected panic attacks worry more than a month

Question 24

________ patients have highest us of ERs of any psychiatric population

Answer 24

panic disorder

Question 25

increase financial dependency because 70% quit or lose job/ many unable to drive further than 3 miles

Answer 25

panic disorder

Question 26

Panic disorder treatment

Answer 26

first line: SSRIs benzos + antidepressants cognitive --> identify cognitive distortions and modify and or behavioral --> modify responses through exposure

Question 27

1/3 of panic disorder patients also have

Answer 27

agoraphobia

Question 28

patients with social phobia may release more __________ or ________ both centrally and peripherally than nonphobic or may be more sensitive to normal levels of them

Answer 28

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 29

treatment for agoraphobia

Answer 29

first line SSRI benzos exposure therapy

Question 30

treatment for specific phobia

Answer 30

exposure therapy

Question 31

treatment for social phobia

Answer 31

first line: SSRI;s (paroxetine) SNRI (venlafaxine), benzos, beta blockers, buspirone exposure therapy