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Z.Fiser > Fiser.04.Immunology > Flashcards

Fiser.04.Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cluster of differentiation (CD) are helper T-cells

A

CD4 cells

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2
Q

Which two interleukins are released by CD4 cells?

A

IL2, IL4

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3
Q

What does IL2 do?

A

Causes maturation of cytotoxic T cells

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4
Q

What does IL4 do?

A

Causes B-cell maturation into plasma cells

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5
Q

Which cells are involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity?

A

Helper T-cells (CD4)

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6
Q

What is delayed-type hypersensitivity?

A

Chemokine secretion to attract inflammatory cells

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7
Q

What cluster of differentiation (CD) are suppressor T-cells?

A

CD8

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8
Q

What do suppressor T-cells do?

A

Regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

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9
Q

What cluster of differentiation (CD) are cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

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10
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC-1 receptors

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11
Q

What does the intradermal skin test look for?

A

Used to test cell-mediated immunity (ex: TB skin test)

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12
Q

What type of infection is a/w defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Intracellular pathogens (ex: TB, viruses)

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13
Q

Where do T-cells originate?

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Where do B-cells originate?

A

Bone

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15
Q

What is humoral immunity mediated by?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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16
Q

What effect does IL4 secreted by helper T-cells have on B-cells?

A

Stimulate B cells to become plasma cells

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17
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Antibody-secreting cells

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18
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC Class I receptors?

A

A, B, C

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19
Q

Which CD-subtype has MHC Class I receptors?

A

CD8 cells for activation

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20
Q

What type of cells have MHC Class I receptors?

A

All nucleated cells

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21
Q

What is the function of the MHC class I receptor

A

Target for cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

What is the molecular structure of MHC class I receptors?

A

Single chain with 5 domains

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23
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC Class II receptors?

A

DR, DP, DQ

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24
Q

Which CD-subtype has MHC Class II receptors?

A

CD4 cell activation

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25
Which cell subtype has MHC Class II receptors?
Antigen-presenting cells (ex: monocytes, dendrites)
26
What do MHC Class II receptors do (2)?
Activates helper T cells (binds to T-cell receptor); Stimulates antibody formation after interaction with B cell surface IgM
27
What is the molecular structure of MHC class II receptors?
2 chains with four domains each
28
Name the 4 steps for the immune response after viral infection
Endogenous viral proteins produced; Bind to class I MHC; Transport to cell surface; Recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells
29
Name the 6 steps for the immune response after bacterial infection
Endocytosis of bax; Proteins bind to class II MHC; Transport to cell surface; Bind to CD4 helper T cells; Helper T cells activate B cells that were previously exposed to antigen; B cells become plasma cells and memory B cells
30
How are endogenously synthesized/intracellular proteins processed to Ag?
Degraded into peptides, transported to ER; Bind to Class I MHC molecules; Transported to antigen-presenting cell surface; CD8+ cells recognize foreign peptide bound to class I MHC
31
Which receptor allows CD8+ cells to recognize class I MHC?
T-cell receptor complex
32
How are exogenous antigens processed to Ag?
Endocytosed and broken down into peptide fragments into endosomes; Class II MHC molecules are transported into the endosome, bind peptide; Delivered to surface of antigen-presenting cell; Recognized by CD4+ cells
33
How is costimulation achieved for CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-cells
Binds to Ag on MHC Class I on any nucleated cell via TCR; IL1 released by APCs, stimulates helper T cells; Activated further by IL2/IL4 released by CD4 helper T cells
34
\*\*PHOTO\*\* How is costimulation achieved for B-cells?
Helper T-cells binds to Ag on MHC Class II on APCs; or B-cells bind to surface-bound IgM; IL1 released by APCs, stimulates helper T cells and B-cells; B-cells further activated by IL2/IL4 released by helper T cells
35
Name three unique features of Natural Killer cells in terms of activation
Not restricted by MHC; Do not require previous exposure; Do not require antigen presentation
36
Are NK cells T-cells or B-cells
neither
37
How do NK cells recognize targets?
Recognize cells that lack self-MHC
38
How do NK cells interact with cancer cells?
NK cells are part of the body’s natural immunosurveillance for cancer
39
Which antibody is the first synthesized after exposure to Ag?
IgM
40
Which Ab is the largest Ab?
IgM
41
How many domains and binding sites are on IgM?
5 domains, 10 binding sites
42
Which Ab is the most abundant in the body?
IgG
43
Name two functions of IgG
Responsible for secondary immune response; Crosses placenta and protect during the newborn period
44
Name three sources of IgA
Secretions, Peyer’s patches in gut, and breast milk (provides immunity in newborn)
45
Name two functions of IgA
Prevents microbial adherence and invasion in gut
46
Where is IgD found and what is its function?
Membrane-bound receptor on B cells, serves as antigen receptor
47
Name two causes of IgE secretion
Allergic reactions, parasite infections
48
Name two opsonins
IgM, IgG
49
Which two Abs fix complement and how many are required to do it?
2 IgGs or 1 IgM
50
What is the function of the variable region of the Ab?
Antigen recognition
51
What is the function of the constant region of the Ab?
Recognized by PMNs and macrophages
52
Does the Fc fragment contain a variable region?
Nope
53
What are polyclonal antibodies in terms of binding sites?
Have multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitopes
54
What are monoclonal antibodies in terms of binding sites?
Have one binding site to one epitope
55
What do basophils secrete into blood?
Major source of histamine in the blood
56
What do mast cells secrete into tissue?
Major source of histamine in tissue
57
Name the three primary lymphoid organs?
Liver, bone, thymus
58
Name two secondary lymphoid organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes
59
Define immunologic chimera
Two different cell lines in one individual, ex: s/p bone marrow transplant
60
Define and describe a Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction); Eosinophils have IgE receptors for the antigen; Release major basic protein --\> Activates mast cells and basophils --\> Release histamine, serotonins, bradykinin
61
What are some examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Bee stings, peanuts, hay fever
62
Define and describe a Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction
IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity; IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen, can be complement-mediated
63
What are some examples of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
ABO blood incompatibility, Grave’s disease, Myasthenia Gravis
64
Define Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction
Immune complex deposition
65
What are some examples of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Serum sickness, SLE
66
Define type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Delayed type hypersensitivity – antigen stimulation of previously sensitized T-cells
67
What are some examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity?
TB skin test (PPD), contact dermatitis

Z.Fiser (22 decks)

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