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Z.Fiser > Fiser.04.Immunology > Flashcards

Fiser.04.Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cluster of differentiation (CD) are helper T-cells

A

CD4 cells

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2
Q

Which two interleukins are released by CD4 cells?

A

IL2, IL4

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3
Q

What does IL2 do?

A

Causes maturation of cytotoxic T cells

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4
Q

What does IL4 do?

A

Causes B-cell maturation into plasma cells

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5
Q

Which cells are involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity?

A

Helper T-cells (CD4)

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6
Q

What is delayed-type hypersensitivity?

A

Chemokine secretion to attract inflammatory cells

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7
Q

What cluster of differentiation (CD) are suppressor T-cells?

A

CD8

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8
Q

What do suppressor T-cells do?

A

Regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

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9
Q

What cluster of differentiation (CD) are cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

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10
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC-1 receptors

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11
Q

What does the intradermal skin test look for?

A

Used to test cell-mediated immunity (ex: TB skin test)

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12
Q

What type of infection is a/w defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Intracellular pathogens (ex: TB, viruses)

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13
Q

Where do T-cells originate?

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Where do B-cells originate?

A

Bone

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15
Q

What is humoral immunity mediated by?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity

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16
Q

What effect does IL4 secreted by helper T-cells have on B-cells?

A

Stimulate B cells to become plasma cells

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17
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Antibody-secreting cells

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18
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC Class I receptors?

A

A, B, C

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19
Q

Which CD-subtype has MHC Class I receptors?

A

CD8 cells for activation

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20
Q

What type of cells have MHC Class I receptors?

A

All nucleated cells

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21
Q

What is the function of the MHC class I receptor

A

Target for cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

What is the molecular structure of MHC class I receptors?

A

Single chain with 5 domains

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23
Q

What are the three subtypes of MHC Class II receptors?

A

DR, DP, DQ

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24
Q

Which CD-subtype has MHC Class II receptors?

A

CD4 cell activation

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25
Q

Which cell subtype has MHC Class II receptors?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (ex: monocytes, dendrites)

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26
Q

What do MHC Class II receptors do (2)?

A

Activates helper T cells (binds to T-cell receptor); Stimulates antibody formation after interaction with B cell surface IgM

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27
Q

What is the molecular structure of MHC class II receptors?

A

2 chains with four domains each

28
Q

Name the 4 steps for the immune response after viral infection

A

Endogenous viral proteins produced; Bind to class I MHC; Transport to cell surface; Recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

Name the 6 steps for the immune response after bacterial infection

A

Endocytosis of bax; Proteins bind to class II MHC; Transport to cell surface; Bind to CD4 helper T cells; Helper T cells activate B cells that were previously exposed to antigen; B cells become plasma cells and memory B cells

30
Q

How are endogenously synthesized/intracellular proteins processed to Ag?

A

Degraded into peptides, transported to ER; Bind to Class I MHC molecules; Transported to antigen-presenting cell surface; CD8+ cells recognize foreign peptide bound to class I MHC

31
Q

Which receptor allows CD8+ cells to recognize class I MHC?

A

T-cell receptor complex

32
Q

How are exogenous antigens processed to Ag?

A

Endocytosed and broken down into peptide fragments into endosomes; Class II MHC molecules are transported into the endosome, bind peptide; Delivered to surface of antigen-presenting cell; Recognized by CD4+ cells

33
Q

How is costimulation achieved for CD8+ (cytotoxic) T-cells

A

Binds to Ag on MHC Class I on any nucleated cell via TCR; IL1 released by APCs, stimulates helper T cells; Activated further by IL2/IL4 released by CD4 helper T cells

34
Q

**PHOTO** How is costimulation achieved for B-cells?

A

Helper T-cells binds to Ag on MHC Class II on APCs; or B-cells bind to surface-bound IgM; IL1 released by APCs, stimulates helper T cells and B-cells; B-cells further activated by IL2/IL4 released by helper T cells

35
Q

Name three unique features of Natural Killer cells in terms of activation

A

Not restricted by MHC; Do not require previous exposure; Do not require antigen presentation

36
Q

Are NK cells T-cells or B-cells

A

neither

37
Q

How do NK cells recognize targets?

A

Recognize cells that lack self-MHC

38
Q

How do NK cells interact with cancer cells?

A

NK cells are part of the body’s natural immunosurveillance for cancer

39
Q

Which antibody is the first synthesized after exposure to Ag?

A

IgM

40
Q

Which Ab is the largest Ab?

A

IgM

41
Q

How many domains and binding sites are on IgM?

A

5 domains, 10 binding sites

42
Q

Which Ab is the most abundant in the body?

A

IgG

43
Q

Name two functions of IgG

A

Responsible for secondary immune response; Crosses placenta and protect during the newborn period

44
Q

Name three sources of IgA

A

Secretions, Peyer’s patches in gut, and breast milk (provides immunity in newborn)

45
Q

Name two functions of IgA

A

Prevents microbial adherence and invasion in gut

46
Q

Where is IgD found and what is its function?

A

Membrane-bound receptor on B cells, serves as antigen receptor

47
Q

Name two causes of IgE secretion

A

Allergic reactions, parasite infections

48
Q

Name two opsonins

A

IgM, IgG

49
Q

Which two Abs fix complement and how many are required to do it?

A

2 IgGs or 1 IgM

50
Q

What is the function of the variable region of the Ab?

A

Antigen recognition

51
Q

What is the function of the constant region of the Ab?

A

Recognized by PMNs and macrophages

52
Q

Does the Fc fragment contain a variable region?

A

Nope

53
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies in terms of binding sites?

A

Have multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitopes

54
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies in terms of binding sites?

A

Have one binding site to one epitope

55
Q

What do basophils secrete into blood?

A

Major source of histamine in the blood

56
Q

What do mast cells secrete into tissue?

A

Major source of histamine in tissue

57
Q

Name the three primary lymphoid organs?

A

Liver, bone, thymus

58
Q

Name two secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes

59
Q

Define immunologic chimera

A

Two different cell lines in one individual, ex: s/p bone marrow transplant

60
Q

Define and describe a Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction); Eosinophils have IgE receptors for the antigen; Release major basic protein –> Activates mast cells and basophils –> Release histamine, serotonins, bradykinin

61
Q

What are some examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Bee stings, peanuts, hay fever

62
Q

Define and describe a Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity; IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen, can be complement-mediated

63
Q

What are some examples of a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

ABO blood incompatibility, Grave’s disease, Myasthenia Gravis

64
Q

Define Type III Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

Immune complex deposition

65
Q

What are some examples of a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Serum sickness, SLE

66
Q

Define type IV hypersensitivity reaction

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity – antigen stimulation of previously sensitized T-cells

67
Q

What are some examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity?

A

TB skin test (PPD), contact dermatitis

Z.Fiser (22 decks)

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