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EMT-P (PAR 212-PHARMACOLOGY) > FIRST EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

FIRST EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

How many different types of IV solutions?

A

Crystalloid solutions
Colloid solutions
Solutions by tonicity
Oxygen-carrying solutions

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2
Q

Name the three spaces?

A

intracellular space
Interstitial space
intravascular space

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3
Q

What IV solution is defined as dissolved crystals in water?

A

crystalloid solutions

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4
Q

can crystalloid solutions cross membranes and alter fluid levels?

A

yes

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5
Q

what is the 3-1 replacement rule and what IV solution does this apply too?

A

3 mL of isotonic crystalloid solution is needed to replace 1 mL of blood

crystalloid solutions

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6
Q

can crystalloid solutions carry oxygen?

A

no

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7
Q

What are some examples of crystalloid solutions?

A

Normal Saline
Ringers Lactate
D5W-D51/2NS-D10

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8
Q

This IV solution is defined as containing

molecules that are not dissolved and are too large to pass out of capillary membranes

A

colloid solutions

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of colloid solutions?

A

molecules that remain in the vascular compartment

high osmolarity

could cause dramatic fluid shifts

short duration of action

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10
Q

Examples of colloid solutions include:

A

Albumin
Plasmanate/Plasma-Lyte
Destran-Hespan

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11
Q

Name the three types of solutions categorized by their tonicity:

A

isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

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12
Q

this IV solution is defined as the same concentration of sodium as cell

A

isotonic IV solution

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13
Q

this IV solution is defined as greater concentration of sodium

A

hypertonic IV solution

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14
Q

this IV solution is defined as lower concentration of sodium

A

hypotonic IV solution

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15
Q

examples of isotonic solutions include:

A

lactated ringer’s solution

D5W, 5% dextrose (only considered isotonic in the bag)

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16
Q

Name a few examples of oxygen-carrying solutions

A

whole blood
PRBC’s
synthetic blood substitutes

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17
Q

Equipment necessary for IV therapy:

A 
elastic tourniquet
cleaning wipes
gauze
tape/adhesive bandage
IV catheter
IV admin set
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18
Q

IV solution usually come in these two types

A

normal saline

LR solution

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19
Q

define Microdrip set

A

60 gtt/mL

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20
Q

define Macrodrip set

A

15 gtt/mL or 10

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21
Q

other examples administration sets include:

A

blood tubing: macro drip set

Volutrol: micro drip set

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22
Q

in choosing an IV site you should consider three things:

A

avoid valves and bifurcations

look for a vein that looks straightest, firm, round, and springs

limit IV access to distal areas

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23
Q

what are three types of IV catheters?

A

over the needle
butterfly
through the needle

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24
Q

what is the over-the-needle catheter?

A

inserted over a hollow needle

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25
Q

what is a butterfly catheter?

A

hollow, stainless steel needle with two plastic wings

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26
Q

through-the-needle catheter?

A

inserted through a hollow needle

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27
Q

this catheter is inserted over a hollow needle?

A

over-the-needle catheter

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28
Q

this catheter is a hollow, stainless steel needle with two plastic wings

A

butterfly catheter

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29
Q

this catheter is inserted through a hollow needle

A

through-the-needle catheter

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30
Q

these catheters are most preferred and this diameter of catheter should be chosen for vein

A

over-the-needle; largest diameter catheter

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31
Q

the best gauges for over-the-needle catheters are _____ in treating peds patients. Though _____ are ideal

A

20-, 22-, 24-, 26-; butterfly catheters

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32
Q

IV locations for peds patients include?

A

hand veins, scalp veins

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33
Q

What are some considerations for IV therapy in geriatric patients?

A

use smaller catheters
tape may be damaging
be careful with macro drips
consider poor vein elasticity and avoid spidery/varicose veins

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34
Q

these factors affect IV flow rate

A 
fluid
admin set
height of bag
catheter type
constricting band
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35
Q

name local IV site reactions and complications?

A 
infiltration
occlusion
vein irritation
thrombophlebitis
hematoma
nerve, tendon, ligament damage
arterial puncture
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36
Q

escape of fluid into surround tissue

A

infiltration

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37
Q

Infiltration causes?

A

edema or necrosis
catheter passes through vein and out other side
patient moves excessively
tape becomes lose or dislodged
catheter is inserted at too shallow an angle

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38
Q

in the event infiltration occurs what should you do?

A

d/c the IV line
reestablish IV line in opposite extremity
apply direct pressure over the area
do not wrap tape around extremity

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39
Q

blockage of vein or catheter

A

occlusion

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40
Q

seeing a decrease drip rate or blood in the IV tubing is a sign of?

A

occlusion

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41
Q

occlusion may develop due to:

A

positioning of catheter

patient’s blood pressure overcoming the flow

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42
Q

this type of site reaction is caused by too-rapid infusion rate

A

vein irritation

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43
Q

the steps in handling vein irritation include:

A

d/c the line
save equipment for analysis
reestablish the IV line in the other extremity with new equipment

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44
Q

inflammation of the vein

A

thrombophlebitis

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45
Q

causes of thrombophlebitis?

characterized and treated how?

A

aseptic technique

pain and tenderness along vein, redness, edema; appears after IV therapy. treat by discontinuing the infusion and IV

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46
Q

thrombophlebitis can be prevented how?

A 
disinfecting skin
wearing gloves
not contaminating site
cover site with dressing
anchoring catheter and tubing
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47
Q

this is an accumulation of blood in the tissues surrounding an IV site?

48
Q

this site reaction, usually caused by vein perforation and improper catheter removal, is characterized as _____

49
Q

systematic complications include:

A 
anaphylaxis
pyrogenic reactions 
circulatory overload
air embolus
vasovagal reactions
catheter shear
50
Q

how do you handle an allergic reaction?

A 
d/c line and remove soln
leave catheter in place
attach saline lock
notify med control
maintain airway/VS
retain soln or medication for evaluation
51
Q

foreign proteins that produce fever

A

pyrogenic reaction

52
Q

steps in handling a pyrogenic fever

A

stop infusion

*always inspect bag prior to admin

53
Q

problems may occur in patients with cardiac, pulmonary, or renal dysfunction

A

circulatory overload

54
Q

to treat circulatory overload, you should:

A

slow IV
raise patient’s head
administer high flow O2
monitor VS and breathing adequacy

55
Q

treating air embolus consists of:

A

placing patient on left side with head down
admin 100% oxygen
transport to facility
assist ventilations if needed

56
Q

the brain is deprived of oxygen and fainting occurs is known as?

A

vasovagal reactions

57
Q

to treat vasovagal reactions you should?

A

place patient in shock position
apply high flow oxygen
monitor VS
establish IV line

58
Q

when the needle slices through catheter creating a free flowing segment

A

catheter shear

59
Q

to treat a catheter shear you should:

A

surgical removal of the tip is often necessary, consider placing the patient in left lateral recumbent position and do not rethread catheter

60
Q

define the seven R’s

A 
right patient
right med
right dose
right route
right time
right documentation
right to refuse
61
Q

integrates comprehensive knowledge of pharmacology to formulate a treatment plan intended to mitigate emergencies and improve overall health of the patient

A

pharmacology

62
Q

routes of administration

A

self-administer
peer-administer
assist/administer medications

63
Q

predefined procedures performed before physician is contacted

A

standing orders

64
Q

paramedics must contact medical directors prior to performing procedures

A

online medical control

65
Q

procedures for adminsitering medication

A
  • obtain order from medcontrol
  • understand physician orders
  • repeat any orders for verification
  • ask about medication allergies
66
Q

how many times should read the drug label

A

three times
in packaging
during prep
before admin

67
Q

difference between antiseptic and disinfectant?

A

antiseptics are used before invasive procedure whereas disinfectants are toxic to living tissue and used on nonliving objects

68
Q

used before invasive procedure?

A

antiseptic

69
Q

chemicals toxic to the living tissue?

A

disinfectant

70
Q

in preventing contamination of the patient, what are some aseptic techniques?

A

sterilize the equipment
antiseptic
disinfectant

71
Q

intended for tissue cleaning

A

antiseptic

72
Q

not intended for tissue cleansing, i.e. tissue damage

A

disinfectant

73
Q

deconstruction of all living organisms using heat, gas, or chemicals

A

sterile technique

74
Q

for a sterile field to exist you should have:

A
  • sterile sleeves or a gown
  • wear sterile gloves
  • place sterile drapes around procedural area
75
Q

cells are enclosed by a cell membrane, this is called?

A

semipermeable membrane

76
Q

name small compounds that can pass easily through the cell membrane?

A

water, H+, CO2

77
Q

what is unique about the phospholipid bilayer?

A

selective permeability

78
Q

Total body water (TBW) is what percent of the adult weight?

79
Q

TBW can be divided into?

A

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

80
Q

intracellular fluid is what percent of the TBW?

81
Q

extracellular fluid is what percent of the TBW?

82
Q

The extracellular fluid can be divided into two

A

interstitial fluid

intravascular fluid

83
Q

the remaining 40% of the total body weight is comprised of?

84
Q

this ion plays a major role in neuromuscular function and the conversion of glucose into glycogen

85
Q

this ion regulates distribution of water and major extracellular cation

86
Q

major intracellular cation

87
Q

this ion is important for bone growth

88
Q

this ion metabolizes protein and carbohydrates

89
Q

this electrolyte determines metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, part of the buffer system in regulating acid/base balance

A

bicarbonate

90
Q

regulates the pH of the stomach and major extracellular anion

91
Q

important component in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serves as the body’s energy source

92
Q

compounds concentrated on one side of a cell membrane move to an area of lower concentration

93
Q

name an example of diffusion

A

filtration as observed across the kidney

94
Q

movement of water across a cell membrane and occurs when there are different concentrations on each side of a membrane

95
Q

a healthy person loses approx how many liters of fluid daily?

96
Q

causes of overhydration ?

A

unmonitored IVs
kidney failure
water intoxication
hypoventilation

97
Q

these types of medication are given through the digestive or intestinal tract and usually take how long to be absorbed?

A

enteral medications; 30-90 minutes

98
Q

the purpose of a gastric tube?

A

decompress
gastric lavage
route admin

99
Q

breakable sterile glass containers and carry one of medication

100
Q

glass or plastic bottles with rubber stopper top and can contain single or multiple doses

101
Q

the two types of prefilled syringes?

A

glass cartridge and syringe, and preassembled prefilled syringes

102
Q

common sites for SC injections

A 
upper arms
anterior thighs 
abdomen
*0.5-1 ml max volume
15-30 min absorption
103
Q

common sites for IM injection

A 
vastus lateralis
rectus femoris 
gluteal area
- limited to 5 ml's
deltoid muscle
- listed to 2 ml's
*10-20 mins absorption
104
Q

percutaneous medication administration takes how long for absorption to take place?

A

mins to hours

105
Q

the absorption rate for sublingual medication administration?

A

3-5 min absorption, the area is highly vascular

106
Q

buccal medication absorption rate

A

30-90 mins absorption

107
Q

the purpose of ocular medication administration?

A

for pain relief, allergies, and infections, tetracaine takes 1-2 drops, no more

108
Q

intranasal medication administration

A

3-5 min absorption

109
Q

nebulizer and MDI takes how long to absorb?

A

2-3 mins absorption for patients with respiratory disorder

110
Q

ET tube medication administration uses only 4 meds

A

lidocaine
epinephrine
atropine
nalozone (narcan)

111
Q

Adult insertion sites for IO

A

right and left proximal humerus
right and left proximal tibia
right and left distal tibia

112
Q

pediatric insertion sites for IO

A

right and left distal femur
right and left proximal humerus
the right and left proximal tibia
right and left distal tibia

113
Q

Average flow rate achieved for IO via humeral site

114
Q

indications for IO

A

any time vascular access is difficult to obtain in emergent, urgent or medically necessary situations for 24 hours

115
Q

contraindications for IO

A

fracture of target bone
infection at area of insertion
inability to identify landmarks
IO or attempted IO access in target bone within previous 48 hours
prosthesis or orthopedic procedure near insertion site

116
Q

IO sterile needle sets

A 
15 gauge, 30 4stainless steel in 3 lengths:
15 mm (pink), 3-39 kg
25 mm (blue), 3 kg or >
45 mm (yellow), 40 kg or >

EMT-P (PAR 212-PHARMACOLOGY) (14 decks)

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