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EMT-P (PAR 212-PHARMACOLOGY) > CH. 10 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

CH. 10 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Schedule I

A

-high abuse potential -no recognized medical purpose ex. Heroin, marijuana, LSD

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2
Q

Schedule II

A

-high abuse potential -legitimate medical purpose ex. Fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylphenidate (Ritalin), cocaine

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3
Q

Schedule III

A

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule II medications ex. Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine

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4
Q

Schedule IV

A

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs ex. Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)

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5
Q

Schedule V

A

Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV drugs ex. Narcotic cough medicines

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6
Q

Atropine, aspirin, digoxin, morphine all come from?

A

plant

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7
Q

Heparin, antivenom, thyroid preparations, insulin all come from?

A

animal

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8
Q

Streptokinase, numerous antibiotics come from?

A

microorganisms

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9
Q

Iron, magnesium sulfate, lithium, phosphorus, calcium all come from?

A

minerals

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10
Q

Define capsule and give example

A

powdered or solid medication enclosed in a dissolvable cylindrical gelatin shell ex. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Motrin), diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

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11
Q

Define tablet and give example

A

solid medication particles bound into a shape designed to dissolve or be swallowed ex. Aspirin (ASA), nitroglycerin SL

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12
Q

Define powder and give example

A

small particles of medication designed to be dissolved or mixed into a solution or liquid ex. glucagon, vecuronium (Norcuron)

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13
Q

Define drops and give example

A

sterile solution or non sterile liquid intended for direct administration into nose or ear ex. Neosynephrine (Afrin), tetracaine

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14
Q

Define skin preparation and give example

A

gel, ointment, or paste substance designed to permit transdermal (through the skin) absorption ex. nitroglycerin paste, fentanyl patch

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15
Q

Define suppository and give example

A

medication in a waxlike material that dissolves in the rectum or other body cavity ex. Promethazine (Phenergan), acetaminophen (Tylenol)

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16
Q

Define liquid and give example

A

medication dissolved or suspended in liquid intended for oral consumption ex. infant acetaminophen (Tylenol), cough syrup

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17
Q

Define inhaler/spray and give example

A

medication in gas or fine mist form intended for inhalation and absorption through lung, airway, or oral tissues ex. albuterol (Ventolin), nitroglycerin spray

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18
Q

Name this receptor: Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins

A

Alpha-1

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19
Q

Name this receptor: insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, inhibition of norepinephrine release

A

Alpha-2

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20
Q

Increased heart rate (chronotropic effect), increased myocardial contractility (inotropic effect), increased myocardial conduction (dromotropic effect), renin secretion for urinary retention

A

Beta-1

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21
Q

Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation, insulin secretion, uterine relaxation, arterial dilation in certain key organs

A

Beta-2

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22
Q

vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries (numerous receptor subtypes exist)

A

Dopaminergic

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23
Q

present at neuromuscular junction , allowing acetylcholine (ACh) to stimulate muscle contraction

A

Nicotinic

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24
Q

present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset sympathetic stimulation, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity

A

Muscurinic-2

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25
Q

two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect greater than that of either medication individually ex. acetaminophen(Tylenol) and ibuprofen(Motrin, Advil)

A

addition or summation

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26
Q

two medications with a similar effect combine, and the resulting effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the medications ex. 1+1=6 IV opiod such as fentanyl (Sublimaze) given with IV benzodiazepines such as midazolum (Versed)

A

synergism

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27
Q

the effect of one medication is greatly enhanced by the presence of another medication, which does not have the ability to produce the same effect ex. promethazine (Phenergan) used to increase the effects of codeine or other antitussives (cough suppressants) for more improved relief of cough than antitussive alone

A

potentiation

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28
Q

the action of one medication increases or decreases the ability of another medication to be absorbed by the body. Medications that may increase or decrease the absorption of other medications that are taken orally ex. Ranitidine (Zantac), an H2 blocker that reduces absorption of ketoconazole (an anitfungal) or certain cephalosporin antibiotics

A

altered absorption

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29
Q

the presence of one medication alters the area available for the distribution of another medication in the body, which becomes important when both medications are bound to the same site, such as plasma proteins. If proteins are already occupied by one medication, toxic levels of the other medication may develop ex. the anticonvulsant medication valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene) competes with another anticonvulsant medication, phenytoin (Dilantin), causing potentially increased or decreased serum levels and possibly unpredictable clinical effects

A

altered distribution

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30
Q

the action of one medication increases or decreases the metabolism of one medication within the body ex. ethanol administered to patients who have been poisoned with ethylene glycol (antifreeze).

A

altered metabolism

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31
Q

medications may increase or decrease the functioning of the kidneys or other route of elimination, influencing the amount of or duration of effect of another medication in the body ex. ethanol decreases the metabolism of warfarin (Coumadin), which may predispose the patient to bleeding risk

A

altered elimination

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32
Q

two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes ex. sodium nitroprusside (Nitride) and dobutamine (Dobutrex) are often given simultaneously for cariogenic shock.

A

physiologic (drug) antagonism

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33
Q

Two medications bind together in the body, creation an inactive substance ex. Digoxin-specific antibodies are administered to patients with toxicity to the medication digoxin. These medications combine, rendering digoxin molecules inactive

A

neutralization

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34
Q

GI motility

A

ability of medication to move through the GI tract to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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35
Q

GI pH

A

perfusion of the GI system (may be decreased during systemic shock)

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36
Q

presence of food, liquids, or chemicals in the stomach

A

injury or bleeding in the GI system, both alter GI motility, decreasing the time that oral medications can be absorbed

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37
Q

Intraosseous Site: Proximal tibia Vein?

A

popliteal vein

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38
Q

Intraosseous Site: Femur Vein?

A

femoral vein

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39
Q

Intraosseous Site: Distal tibia (medial malleolus) Vein?

A

great saphenous vein

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40
Q

Intraosseous Site: Proximal humerus Vein?

A

axillary vein

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41
Q

Intraosseous Site: Manubrium (sternum) vein?

A

internal mammary and azygos veins

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42
Q

the early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period

A

absolute refractory period

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43
Q

the process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation

A

absorption

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44
Q

an enzyme that breaks down acetycholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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45
Q

a medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function

A

active metabolite

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46
Q

the process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

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47
Q

the ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site

A

affinity

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48
Q

the group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response

A

agonist medications

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49
Q

an extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems

A

anaphylaxis

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50
Q

the group of medications that prevent endogenous of exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

A

antagonist medications

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51
Q

the medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body’s immune system to overcome them

A

antibiotics

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52
Q

the medications used to treat fungal infections

A

antifungals

53
Q

the medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

A

anitmicrobials

54
Q

a state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

A

automaticity

55
Q

the percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

A

bioavailability

56
Q

a process with possible side effects: I) inactive substance becomes active II) active medication can be changed into another active medication III) an active medication may be completely or partially inactivated IV) a mediation is transformed into a substance easier for the body to eliminate

A

biotransformation

57
Q

medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning

A

chelating agents

58
Q

a term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called aceythlcholine

A

cholinergic

59
Q

the medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites; displacing agonist chemical

A

competitive antagonists

60
Q

a term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine

A

competitive depolarizing

61
Q

a process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be transferred to other medications in the same class

A

cross tolerance

62
Q

several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication

A

cumulative action

63
Q

a hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs

A

cytochrome P-450 system

64
Q

the physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical in order to maintain normal physiologic function

A

dependence

65
Q

the process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

A

depolarization

66
Q

a chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the CNS or sympathetic nervous system

A

depressant

67
Q

the movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, to its target receptor

A

distributor

68
Q

a chemical that increases urinary output

A

diuretic

69
Q

a graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered

A

dose-response curve

70
Q

the specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals

A

dosing

71
Q

the process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance

A

down regulation

72
Q

the time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action

A

duration of effect

73
Q

pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone

A

dystonic

74
Q

sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells

A

ectopic foci

75
Q

the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect

A

efficacy

76
Q

the removal of a medication or its by products from the body

A

elimination

77
Q

originating from within the organism

A

endogenous

78
Q

originating outside the body

A

exogenous

79
Q

sepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel

A

extravasation

80
Q

the process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended

A

facilitated diffusion

81
Q

brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent

A

fasciculation

82
Q

use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane

A

filtration

83
Q

the process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

A

first order elimination

84
Q

the unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical

A

habituation

85
Q

the time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma

A

half-life

86
Q

the percentage of RBC in a blood sample

A

hematocrit

87
Q

the destruction of RBC by the disruption of the cell membrane

A

hemolysis

88
Q

attracted to water molecules

A

hydrophilic

89
Q

abnormal susceptibility to a medication peculiar to an individual patient

A

idiosyncratic

90
Q

a medication that has undergone biotransformation and now is no longer able to able to alter a cell process or body function

A

inactive metabolite

91
Q

charged particles

A

ions

92
Q

one medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient

A

interference

93
Q

attracted to fats and lipids

A

lipophilic

94
Q

the weight-based dose of a medication that caused the death in 50% of the humans and animals tested

A

median effective dose

95
Q

the weight based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested

A

median toxic dose

96
Q

a document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as indications and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects

A

medication monograph

97
Q

a mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune mediated reaction

A

medication sensitivity

98
Q

medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals

A

noncompetitive antagonists

99
Q

describes drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor

A

nondepolarizing

100
Q

uncharged

A

nonionic

101
Q

the time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level

A

onset

102
Q

the movement of a fluid from a low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

A

osmosis

103
Q

characterized by the movement of a solvent from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules

A

osmotic

104
Q

opposite from what is expected

A

paradoxical

105
Q

a chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do

A

partial agonist

106
Q

the point of maximum effect of a drug

A

peak

107
Q

the biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body

A

pharmacodynamics

108
Q

the fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination

A

pharmacokinetics

109
Q

the scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms

A

pharmacology

110
Q

a process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents

A

pinocytosis

111
Q

the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person’s expectations and other factors

A

placebo effect

112
Q

a process in which medication molecules attach to proteins in the blood plasma, altering medication distribution in the body

A

plasma protein binding

113
Q

the relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response

A

potency

114
Q

a specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation

A

receptor

115
Q

the period in the cell firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse

A

relative refractory period

116
Q

a severe, fatal reaction that mimics a burn; due to a medication

A

stevens-johnson syndrome

117
Q

a medication or chemical that temporarily enhances CNS and sympathetic nervous system functioning

A

stimulant

118
Q

medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathomimetics

119
Q

a condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective

A

tachyphylaxis

120
Q

the relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; known as the therapeutic ratio

A

therapeutic index

121
Q

the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins

A

threshold level

122
Q

a condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency

A

tolerance

123
Q

a clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; known as a adverse effect

A

untoward effect

124
Q

a classification scheme based on the MOA rather than on specific medication groups

A

Vaughan-Williams

125
Q

the extent to which a medication will spread within a body

A

volume of distribution

126
Q

a property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water

A

water-soluble

127
Q

a process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the amount in the body

A

zero-order elimination

128
Q

abnormal or harmful effects to an organism caused by exposur

A

EMT-P (PAR 212-PHARMACOLOGY) (14 decks)

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