CH. 10 PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
Schedule I
A
-high abuse potential -no recognized medical purpose ex. Heroin, marijuana, LSD
2
Q
Schedule II
A
-high abuse potential -legitimate medical purpose ex. Fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylphenidate (Ritalin), cocaine
3
Q
Schedule III
A
Lower potential for abuse than Schedule II medications ex. Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine
4
Q
Schedule IV
A
Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs ex. Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)
5
Q
Schedule V
A
Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV drugs ex. Narcotic cough medicines
6
Q
Atropine, aspirin, digoxin, morphine all come from?
A
plant
7
Q
Heparin, antivenom, thyroid preparations, insulin all come from?
A
animal
8
Q
Streptokinase, numerous antibiotics come from?
A
microorganisms
9
Q
Iron, magnesium sulfate, lithium, phosphorus, calcium all come from?
A
minerals
10
Q
Define capsule and give example
A
powdered or solid medication enclosed in a dissolvable cylindrical gelatin shell ex. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Motrin), diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
11
Q
Define tablet and give example
A
solid medication particles bound into a shape designed to dissolve or be swallowed ex. Aspirin (ASA), nitroglycerin SL
12
Q
Define powder and give example
A
small particles of medication designed to be dissolved or mixed into a solution or liquid ex. glucagon, vecuronium (Norcuron)
13
Q
Define drops and give example
A
sterile solution or non sterile liquid intended for direct administration into nose or ear ex. Neosynephrine (Afrin), tetracaine
14
Q
Define skin preparation and give example
A
gel, ointment, or paste substance designed to permit transdermal (through the skin) absorption ex. nitroglycerin paste, fentanyl patch
15
Q
Define suppository and give example
A
medication in a waxlike material that dissolves in the rectum or other body cavity ex. Promethazine (Phenergan), acetaminophen (Tylenol)
16
Q
Define liquid and give example
A
medication dissolved or suspended in liquid intended for oral consumption ex. infant acetaminophen (Tylenol), cough syrup
17
Q
Define inhaler/spray and give example
A
medication in gas or fine mist form intended for inhalation and absorption through lung, airway, or oral tissues ex. albuterol (Ventolin), nitroglycerin spray
18
Q
Name this receptor: Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins
A
Alpha-1
19
Q
Name this receptor: insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, inhibition of norepinephrine release
A
Alpha-2
20
Q
Increased heart rate (chronotropic effect), increased myocardial contractility (inotropic effect), increased myocardial conduction (dromotropic effect), renin secretion for urinary retention
A
Beta-1
21
Q
Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation, insulin secretion, uterine relaxation, arterial dilation in certain key organs
A
Beta-2
22
Q
vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries (numerous receptor subtypes exist)
A
Dopaminergic
23
Q
present at neuromuscular junction , allowing acetylcholine (ACh) to stimulate muscle contraction
A
Nicotinic
24
Q
present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset sympathetic stimulation, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity
A
Muscurinic-2
25
two medications with a similar effect combine to produce an effect greater than that of either medication individually ex. acetaminophen(Tylenol) and ibuprofen(Motrin, Advil)
addition or summation
26
two medications with a similar effect combine, and the resulting effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the medications ex. 1+1=6 IV opiod such as fentanyl (Sublimaze) given with IV benzodiazepines such as midazolum (Versed)
synergism
27
the effect of one medication is greatly enhanced by the presence of another medication, which does not have the ability to produce the same effect ex. promethazine (Phenergan) used to increase the effects of codeine or other antitussives (cough suppressants) for more improved relief of cough than antitussive alone
potentiation
28
the action of one medication increases or decreases the ability of another medication to be absorbed by the body. Medications that may increase or decrease the absorption of other medications that are taken orally ex. Ranitidine (Zantac), an H2 blocker that reduces absorption of ketoconazole (an anitfungal) or certain cephalosporin antibiotics
altered absorption
29
the presence of one medication alters the area available for the distribution of another medication in the body, which becomes important when both medications are bound to the same site, such as plasma proteins. If proteins are already occupied by one medication, toxic levels of the other medication may develop ex. the anticonvulsant medication valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene) competes with another anticonvulsant medication, phenytoin (Dilantin), causing potentially increased or decreased serum levels and possibly unpredictable clinical effects
altered distribution
30
the action of one medication increases or decreases the metabolism of one medication within the body ex. ethanol administered to patients who have been poisoned with ethylene glycol (antifreeze).
altered metabolism
31
medications may increase or decrease the functioning of the kidneys or other route of elimination, influencing the amount of or duration of effect of another medication in the body ex. ethanol decreases the metabolism of warfarin (Coumadin), which may predispose the patient to bleeding risk
altered elimination
32
two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes ex. sodium nitroprusside (Nitride) and dobutamine (Dobutrex) are often given simultaneously for cariogenic shock.
physiologic (drug) antagonism
33
Two medications bind together in the body, creation an inactive substance ex. Digoxin-specific antibodies are administered to patients with toxicity to the medication digoxin. These medications combine, rendering digoxin molecules inactive
neutralization
34
GI motility
ability of medication to move through the GI tract to be absorbed into the bloodstream
35
GI pH
perfusion of the GI system (may be decreased during systemic shock)
36
presence of food, liquids, or chemicals in the stomach
injury or bleeding in the GI system, both alter GI motility, decreasing the time that oral medications can be absorbed
37
Intraosseous Site: Proximal tibia Vein?
popliteal vein
38
Intraosseous Site: Femur Vein?
femoral vein
39
Intraosseous Site: Distal tibia (medial malleolus) Vein?
great saphenous vein
40
Intraosseous Site: Proximal humerus Vein?
axillary vein
41
Intraosseous Site: Manubrium (sternum) vein?
internal mammary and azygos veins
42
the early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize; also known as the effective refractory period
absolute refractory period
43
the process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation
absorption
44
an enzyme that breaks down acetycholine
acetylcholinesterase
45
a medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function
active metabolite
46
the process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient
active transport
47
the ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site
affinity
48
the group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cellular response
agonist medications
49
an extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems
anaphylaxis
50
the group of medications that prevent endogenous of exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity
antagonist medications
51
the medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body's immune system to overcome them
antibiotics
52
the medications used to treat fungal infections
antifungals
53
the medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms
anitmicrobials
54
a state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within
automaticity
55
the percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation
bioavailability
56
a process with possible side effects: I) inactive substance becomes active II) active medication can be changed into another active medication III) an active medication may be completely or partially inactivated IV) a mediation is transformed into a substance easier for the body to eliminate
biotransformation
57
medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisoning
chelating agents
58
a term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called aceythlcholine
cholinergic
59
the medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites; displacing agonist chemical
competitive antagonists
60
a term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine
competitive depolarizing
61
a process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be transferred to other medications in the same class
cross tolerance
62
several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication
cumulative action
63
a hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs
cytochrome P-450 system
64
the physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical in order to maintain normal physiologic function
dependence
65
the process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract
depolarization
66
a chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the CNS or sympathetic nervous system
depressant
67
the movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, to its target receptor
distributor
68
a chemical that increases urinary output
diuretic
69
a graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered
dose-response curve
70
the specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals
dosing
71
the process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance
down regulation
72
the time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action
duration of effect
73
pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone
dystonic
74
sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells
ectopic foci
75
the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect
efficacy
76
the removal of a medication or its by products from the body
elimination
77
originating from within the organism
endogenous
78
originating outside the body
exogenous
79
sepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel
extravasation
80
the process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended
facilitated diffusion
81
brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
fasciculation
82
use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane
filtration
83
the process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance
first order elimination
84
the unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical
habituation
85
the time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma
half-life
86
the percentage of RBC in a blood sample
hematocrit
87
the destruction of RBC by the disruption of the cell membrane
hemolysis
88
attracted to water molecules
hydrophilic
89
abnormal susceptibility to a medication peculiar to an individual patient
idiosyncratic
90
a medication that has undergone biotransformation and now is no longer able to able to alter a cell process or body function
inactive metabolite
91
charged particles
ions
92
one medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient
interference
93
attracted to fats and lipids
lipophilic
94
the weight-based dose of a medication that caused the death in 50% of the humans and animals tested
median effective dose
95
the weight based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested
median toxic dose
96
a document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as indications and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects
medication monograph
97
a mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune mediated reaction
medication sensitivity
98
medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals
noncompetitive antagonists
99
describes drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor
nondepolarizing
100
uncharged
nonionic
101
the time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective level
onset
102
the movement of a fluid from a low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
osmosis
103
characterized by the movement of a solvent from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules
osmotic
104
opposite from what is expected
paradoxical
105
a chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do
partial agonist
106
the point of maximum effect of a drug
peak
107
the biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body
pharmacodynamics
108
the fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination
pharmacokinetics
109
the scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms
pharmacology
110
a process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents
pinocytosis
111
the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person's expectations and other factors
placebo effect
112
a process in which medication molecules attach to proteins in the blood plasma, altering medication distribution in the body
plasma protein binding
113
the relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the response
potency
114
a specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation
receptor
115
the period in the cell firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse
relative refractory period
116
a severe, fatal reaction that mimics a burn; due to a medication
stevens-johnson syndrome
117
a medication or chemical that temporarily enhances CNS and sympathetic nervous system functioning
stimulant
118
medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
sympathomimetics
119
a condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective
tachyphylaxis
120
the relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; known as the therapeutic ratio
therapeutic index
121
the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins
threshold level
122
a condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency
tolerance
123
a clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; known as a adverse effect
untoward effect
124
a classification scheme based on the MOA rather than on specific medication groups
Vaughan-Williams
125
the extent to which a medication will spread within a body
volume of distribution
126
a property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water
water-soluble
127
a process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the amount in the body
zero-order elimination
128
abnormal or harmful effects to an organism caused by exposur
