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Step Random Tidbits > First Aid 221-244 > Flashcards

First Aid 221-244 Flashcards

1
Q

What is defective in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2

A

Low amounts of sial-lewis-x

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2
Q

What is the role of metalloproteinases in wound healing?

A

tissue remodeling

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3
Q

What is the role of FGF in wound healing?

A

stimulates angiogenesis (VEGF also does this)

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of granuloma formation

A

Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma –> macrophages activated

TNF-alpha from macrophages induces and maintains granuloma

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5
Q

Type of amyloid found in chronic inflammatory conditions

A

AA (secondary)

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6
Q

Deposition of proteins from Ig light chains is what kind of amyloid?

A

Primary - AL

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7
Q

Fibrils composed of beta-2-microglobulin in patients with ESRD or long-term dialysis;
May present at carpal tunnel syndrome;
Dx?

A

Dialysis-related amyloidosis

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8
Q

Transthyretin mutations result in what kind of heritable disorder?

A

Amyloidosis

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9
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

ALK

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Lung adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

BRAF

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
serine/threonine kinase
melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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11
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

c-KIT

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
cytokine receptor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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12
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

KRAS

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
GTPase
Colon cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

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13
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

MYCL1

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
TF
Lung tumor

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14
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

MYCN

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
TF
Neuroblastoma

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15
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

JAK2

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
TK
chronic myeloproliferative disorders

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16
Q

What kind of cancer is implicated by:

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

Oncogene - need to damage only one allele
TK
breast and gastric carcinomas

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17
Q

Psammoma bodies are seen in:

A 
PSaMMoma bodies:
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma
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18
Q

Serum tumor marker for Paget’s disease and mets to liver and bone:

A

alk phos

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19
Q

Serum tumor marker for seminoma

A

placental alk phos

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20
Q 
Serum tumor marker for:
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatoblastoma
yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
mixed germ cell tumor
A

alpha-fetoprotein

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21
Q

CA 15-3
CA 27-29
serum tumor markers for

A

breast cancer

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22
Q

CA 19-9

serum tumor marker for

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

CA 125

serum tumor marker for

A

ovarian cancer

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24
Q

Calcitonin

serum tumor marker for

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma

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25
Q

Carcinoembryonicantigen (CEA)

serum tumor marker for

A

non-specific - colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast, medullary thyroid carcinomas

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26
Q

P-glycoprotein is aka multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). What is its function and in what conditions is it seen?

A

Used to pump out toxins ie chemotherapy agents

Seen in adrenal cell carcinoma, also seen in colon and liver cancer

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27
Q

Explain “lead kettle” - Pb-KTL

A 
Prostate
breast
lung
thyroid
kidney 
all produce bone mets
28
Q

Most common cancer to metastasize to the liver

A

colon

29
Q

Km is inversely related to

A

the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

30
Q

Vmax is directly proportional to

A

enzyme concentration

31
Q

Why does a competitive inhibitor not change Vmax?

A

Because Vmax only depends on the enzyme concentration and so an inhibitor can be overcome

32
Q

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor influence Vmax?

A

Lowers it

So does a competitive inhibitor but only if it is irreversible

33
Q

Equation for Loading Dose

A

LD = Css x Vd

34
Q

MD = Css x CL

A

Maintenance dose equation

35
Q

Km changes with what kind of inhibitor?

A

Competitive inhibitor

36
Q

Slope of a Lineweaver-Burk plot

A

Km/Vmax

37
Q

Y-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot

A

1/Vmax

y-int is inversely proportional to the Vmax

38
Q

X-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot

A

1/-Km

39
Q

What is the effect of an irreversible competitive inhibitor on Km?

A

No effect

40
Q

Km =

A

[S] at 0.5Vmax

41
Q

Vd =

A

Drug / [ ] plasma

42
Q

What is a permissive drug interaction?

A

Presence of substance A is required for the full effects of substance B
ie cortisol on catecholamine responsiveness

43
Q

Clopidogrel and aspiring given together represents:

A

Synergistic drug effect
effect of substance A and B together is greater than the sum of their individual effects (ie additive would be aspirin and acetominophen)

44
Q

What is a tachyphylactic drug interaction?

A

Acute decrease in response to a drug after initial/repeated administration
MDMA and LSD

45
Q

PEA for zero-order elimination drugs

A

Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin

46
Q

What are examples of Phase II drug metabolism (conjugation)

A

Methylation
Glucuronidation
Acetylation
Sulfation

47
Q

The efficacy of a drug is proportional to

A

Vmax

48
Q

What is the effect on potency of a competitive antagonist?

A

Lowers potency

No change in efficacy (bc can be overcome)

49
Q

MOA Flumezenil

A

competitive GABA antagonist

for benzodiazepine overdose

50
Q

MOA Phenoxybenzamine

A

noncompetitive alpha-receptor antagonist

51
Q

MOA Buprenorphine

A

Partial agonist at opioid mu receptors

52
Q

“After QISSeS you get a QIQ out of SIQ Super Qinky Sex”

A 
GPCRS and pathways
--Sympathetic
q - alpha 1 
i - alpha 2
s - beta 1,2,3
--Parasympathetic
M1 - q
M2 - i
M3 - q
--Dopamine 
D1 - s
D2 - i
--Histamine
H1 - q
H2 - s
--Vasopressin
V1 - q
V2 - s
53
Q

M1, M3, H1, alpha-1, V1

pathway

A

Gq –> PLC (DAG –> PKC or IPS –> increase in Ca)

54
Q

M2, alpha-2, D2

pathway

A

Gi –> inhibits AC

55
Q

Cholinomimetics are aka

A

parasympathomimetics

56
Q 
Bethanechol
Carbachol
Methacholine
Pilocarpine
drug class?
A

Bethanechol - activates bowel and bladder
Carbachol - same as acetylcholine
Methacholine - contracts bronchial SM
Pilocarpine - contracts ciliary muscle of eye
DIRECT cholinomimetics

57
Q

Cholinomimetic used in tx of Sjogrens bc it causes salivation

A

Pilocarpine

58
Q

Challenge test in asthma drug

A

Methacholine

Cholinomimetic can exacerbate COPD/asthma

59
Q

Treatment of open angle glaucoma

Direct cholinomimetic

A

Carbachol

60
Q

Donepezil
Galantamine
Rivastigmine
drug class

A

Indirect cholinomimetic agonists
Increase ACh
Tx Alzheimer disease

61
Q

Edrophonium

drug class

A

Indirect cholinomimetic agonists
Increase ACh for 5-15 min
Diagnosis of MG

62
Q

Neostigmine

CNS penetration?

A

Neostigmine - NO CNS penetration bc quarternary amine;
Indirect cholinomimetic agonist
Increase ACh
reversal of neuromuscular junction blockade

63
Q

Physostigmine

CNS penetration?

A

YES - Physo phyxes atroping OD
tertiary
Indirect cholinomimetic agonist
Increase ACh

64
Q

Pyridostigmine

Use

A

Indirect cholinomimetic agonist
Increase ACh - treat MG
does not cross BBB (quarternary amine)

65
Q

With all cholinomimetic agents, be careful for:

A

peptic ulcers

exacerbation of COPD, asthma

66
Q

DUMBBELSS pneumonic

A

DUMBBELSS

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia
Excitation
Lacrimation
Sweating
Salivation

Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning (ie insecticides)
Can become irreversible if prolonged (“aging”)
Cholinergic/Parasympathomimetic toxidrome

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