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(SLU) PHARMA 111: PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMA & HCS > (FINALS) UNIT 4: MEDICATION MANAGEMENT > Flashcards

(FINALS) UNIT 4: MEDICATION MANAGEMENT Flashcards

page 1-3: hanggang cardio

1
Q

refers to the site, area of administration and application of medication to the body

2 types

A

routes of administration

enteral and parenteral

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2
Q
  • refers to anything involving the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the rectum
  • medication is absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized by the liver
  • may include routes such as ‘oral, buccal, sublingual, Anaso-gastric and rectal
A

enteral

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3
Q
  • literally means to avoid the gastrointestinal tract and refers to any route of administration outside of or beside the alimentary tract
  • Injectable drugs that enter the body directly and are not required to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract before they show their effect
  • Injectable drugs are usually in the form of ______ or ______, which are mixed with a sterile diluent to render an injectable solution.

Advantage:
1. More rapid onset of action (show their effects more quickly) than other routes of administration

Disadvantages:
1. Not a convenient route
2. Once administered the injected drug cannot be retrieved

A
  • solutions or powders
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4
Q

PARENTERAL ROA

A
  • intraarterial
  • intrathecal
  • intraspinal
  • epidural
  • intradermal (ID)
  • intravenous (IV)
  • subcutaneous (SC or subq)
  • intramuscular (IM)
  • intra-articular
  • intrasynovial
  • intraocular
  • intracardiac
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5
Q

other ROA

A
  1. Topical
    - local effect
    - systemic effect
  2. Inhalation
    - vaporization
    - gas inhalation
    - nebulization
  3. Vaginal drug
  4. Intraurethral
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6
Q

Frequently used parenteral route

A

intraarterial

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7
Q

Injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord

A

intrathecal

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8
Q

Directing to a fluid in the spinal column

A

intraspinal

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9
Q

Injected into the dura matter (epidural space) of the spinal cord

A

epidural

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10
Q
  • Injected into the top layer of the skin at a slight angle
  • This is exclusive for diagnostic agents.
A

intradermal (ID)

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11
Q
  • Injected into the vein which allows for rapid adsorption
  • Includes IV push, IV piggyback and IV infusion
A

intravenous (IV)

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12
Q
  • Injected into the fatty layer under the skin
  • Absorption is rapid
A

subcutaneous (SC or subq)

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13
Q
  • If the drug is in aqueous (water) solution, absorption is rapid.
  • However, if the drug is in an oily liquid or in the form of a suspension, it can prolong the release of the drug.
A

intramuscular (IM)

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14
Q

Injected into the joint

A

intra-articular

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15
Q

Injected in between the joint (synovial fluid)

A

intrasynovial

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16
Q

intraocular

A

for eyes

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17
Q

intracardiac

A

for heart

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18
Q

are applied to a surface area of the body

_________: drug will relieve itching, burning, or other skin conditions without being absorbed into the bloodstream

_________: drug is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream

A

TOPICAL (dermal, ophthalmic, otic)

  • local effect
  • systemic effect
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19
Q
  • a means of introducing medications through the respiratory system in the form of a gas, vapor, or powder

________: process by which a drug is changed from a liquid or solid to a gas or vapor by the use of heat

________: almost entirely restricted to anesthesia

________: process by which a drug is converted into a fine spray by the use of compressed gas

A

inhalation

a. vaporization
b. gas inhalation
c. nebulization

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20
Q

inserted to produce a local effect

A

vaginal drugs

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21
Q
  • most common to males
  • administered right after urination (to lubricate)
  • semi-pellet; suppositories

SE: priaprism, (prolonged painful effect), hypotension, dizziness

A

intraurethral

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22
Q

drug categories and classifications

A

A. LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

B. PREGNANCY RISK CATEGORIES

C. LACTATION SAFETY CATEGORIES

D. SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
- samples are based on Section 2 Annex A - Philippine Schedules of Dangerous Drugs by PDEA

E. THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY
- pharmacological vs pharmaceutical
- acute vs chronic

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23
Q

A drug may be classified by the chemical type/structure of the active ingredient, by the _____________ (the specific way in which the body responds to ta drug) or by the _____________ (the specific biochemical reaction that occurs when you take the drug).

Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

A
  • physiologic effect
  • mechanism of action
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24
Q

LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS

A
  1. OTC medications
  2. Prescription drugs (ethical drugs)
  3. pharmacist-only medication
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25
Q
  • a new legal classification of drug introduced in RA 10918
  • medications which may be considered as OTC but may only be dispensed by a registered pharmacist
A

pharmacist-only medications

  • paracetamol (hepatotoxicity - liver disease)
  • antihistamines
  • antitussive
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26
Q
  • Adequate and well controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy.
  • Studies indicate NO risk to the human fetus.
A

CATEGORY A

  • vitamins
  • saline nasal spray (salinase)
27
Q
  • Studies indicate no risk to animal fetus
  • information in humans is not available
  • Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women.

safe din for PW (amibiasis)

A

CATEGORY B

  • acetaminophen, amoxicillin
  • clindamycin, ibuprofen, metronidazole, penicillin, lamotrigine, leviteracitam

[paracetamol can be taken]

28
Q
  • Adverse effects reported in animal fetus
  • information in humans is not available
  • Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

benefit outweighs risks

A

CATEGORY C

  • fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, saccharin, aspirin
  • aspirin, ethosuximide, gabapentin, gentamycin, felbamate, fluorokinose
29
Q
  • Possible fetal risk in humans reported, however, considering potential benefit vs risk may, in selected cases, warrant the use of these drugs in pregnant women.
  • There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of drugs in pregnant women despite potential risks.
A

CATEGORY D

  • phenytoin, valproic acid
  • ace inhibitors, antineoplastics, carbamezepine, fosphenitoin, phenobarbitals, tetracyclines
30
Q
  • Fetal abnormalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies
  • should NOT be used by pregnant women
  • Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of drugs in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
  • contraindicated to pregnant women
A

CATEGORY X

  • thalidomide, -statins, contraceptives
  • ergotamine, isotetrinoin, OCPs (oral contraceptives),

hypercholesterolemia
phocomelia
severe acne
hair thinning

31
Q
  • Drug which has been taken by a large number of breastfeeding mothers without any observed increase in adverse effects in the infant.
  • Controlled studies in breastfeeding women fail to demonstrate a risk to the Infant and the possibility of harm to the breastfeeding infant is remote: or the product is not orally bioavailable in an infant.
A

L1 - SAFEST

  • paracetamol
  • vitamins
32
Q
  • Drug which has been studied in a limited number of breastfeeding women without an increase in adverse effects in the infant.
  • Evidence of a demonstrated risk which is likely to follow use of this medication in a breastfeeding woman is remote.
A

L2 - SAFER

  • carbamazepine
  • haloperidol
  • olanzapine
  • tricyclics
  • valproic acid
33
Q
  • There are no controlled studies in breastfeeding women, however the risk of untoward effects to a breastfed infant is possible;
  • or, controlled studies show only minimal non-threatening adverse effects.
  • Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the infant.
A

L3 - MODERATELY SAFE

  • alprazolam
  • chlordiazepoxide
  • clonazepam
  • clorazepate
34
Q
  • positive evidence of risk to a breastfed infant or to breastmilk production, but the benefits of use in breastfeeding mothers may be acceptable despite the risk to the infant
  • e.g. if the drug is needed in a life- threatening situation of for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective)
A

L4 - POSSIBLE HAZARDOUS

  • lithium
  • loxapine
  • quetiapine
  • thioridazine
35
Q
  • Studies in breastfeeding mothers have demonstrated that there is significant and documented risk to the infant based on human experience, or it is a medication that has a high risk of causing significant damage to an infant.
  • Risk of using the drug in breastfeeding women clearly outweighs any possible benefit from breastfeeding.
  • Drug is contraindicated in women who are breastfeeding an infant.
A

L5 - CONTRAINDICATED
[high risk to lactating babies]

  • doxepin
36
Q
  • drug has a high potential for abuse.
  • has NO currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
  • lack of accepted safety for Use of the drug under medical supervision.
  • all research related are the under US law
A

SCHEDULE 1

NARCOTICS
- Heroin and many non-marketed synthetic narcotics

HALLUCINOGENS
- LSD, MDA, STP, DMT, DET, mescaline, peyote
- Marijuana
- Methaqualone
- Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)

37
Q
  • drug has a high potential for abuse
  • drug HAS a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions
  • Abuse of the drug may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
A

SCHEDULE 2

OPIODS
- Opium and opium alkaloids
- Derived phenanthrene alkaloids such as codeine, morphine
- Designated synthetic drugs: meperidine, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, alfentanil

STIMULANTS:
- Coca leaves and cocaine
- Amphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, Methamphetamine
- Methylphenidate

CANNABINOIDS: Nabilone
DEPRESSANTS: Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital

38
Q
  • drug has a potential for abuse less than the drugs in schedules I and II
  • has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States

Abuse of the drug may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence

A

SCHEDULE 3

OPIODS:
- Buprenorphine
- Mixture of Buprenorphine and Naloxone (Suboxone)

STIMULANTS: Benzphetamine, Phendimetrazine

DEPRESSANTS: Schedule Il barbiturates in mixtures with noncontrolled drugs or in suppository dosage form such as Butabarbital, Ketamine

CANNABINOIDS: Dronabinol

ANABOLIC STEROIDS: Fluoxymesterone, Methyltestosterone, Oxymetholone

39
Q
  • drug has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in schedule Ill.
  • has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States

Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs in schedule III

  • Prescription must be rewritten after 6 months or five refills; differs from Schedule Ill in penalties for Illegal possession
A

SCHEDULE 4

OPIODS: Butorphanol

STIMULANTS: Ammodafinil and Phentermine

DEPRESSANTS: (Benzodiazepines):
- Alprazolam (Xanax), Midazolam
- Clonazepam, Diazepam (Valium), Flurazepam, Lorazepam
- Chloral hydrate
- Meprobamate

40
Q
  • drug has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in schedule IV
  • drug has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States
  • Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs in schedule IV.
A

SCHEDULE 5

CODEINE: 200 mg/100 mL

DIFENOXIN PREPARATIONS: 0.5 mg + 25 mcg atropine

DIHYDROCODEINE PREPARATIONS: 10 mg/100 mL

41
Q

E. THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY

__________: how drug exert action in body (mechanism)

__________: use of substance in formulation

__________: severe/sudden; treatable (caused by virus, injury)
__________: long, developing syndrome

A
  • pharmacological
  • pharmaceutical
  • acute
  • chronic
42
Q

chemical substances produced by living organisms that destroy or slow down growth of microorganisms

A

ANTIMICROBIALS OR ANTI-INFECTIVES

  1. antiseptic vs disinfectant
  2. antibacterials
  3. anti-mycobacterials
  4. antifungal
  5. antiviral
  6. antiparasitics
    + antiprotozoal
    + anthelmintics
43
Q

_______: living; skin

_______: non-living: surgical equipments

A
  • antiseptic
  • disinfectants
44
Q

Used to kill or inhibit growth of bacteria in infections such as syphilis, gonorrhea, sepsis and typhoid fever

A

ANTIBACTERIALS

45
Q

Specific drugs in the management of tuberculosis

A

ANTI-MYCOBACTERIALS

“RIPES”
- Rifampicin
- Isoniazid
- Pyrazinamide
- Ethambutol
- Steptomycin

46
Q

Used to kill or inhibit fungal growth in infections such as athlete’s foot and yeast infection

A

ANTIFUNGAL

  • Amphotericin
  • Ketoconazole
  • Flucytosine
  • Grieofulvin
  • Nystatin
  • Terbenafine
47
Q

Used to kill or inhibit viral growth in infections such as influenza, MMR, chicken pox, dengue, hepatitis, rabies, polio

  • influenza vaccine
  • Measles, Mumps, & Rubella (MMR)
A

ANTIVIRAL

  • Acyclovir
  • Ribavirin
  • Oseltamivir
  • Zidovidine
  • Foscarnet
  • Amantadine
48
Q

Used to kill or inhibit protozoal growth in infections such as amoebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria

A

ANTIPROTOZOAL

ANTIMALARIALS
- Quinine
- Mefloruine
- Primaquine
- Atovaquone

AMOEBICIDES
- Metronidazole
- Emetine
- Diloxanide

ANTILEISHMANIALS
- Sodium stibogluconate

MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS:
- Pyrimethamine

49
Q

Used to kill or inhibit worm infestation and growth in infections such as ascariasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis

A

ANTHELMINTICS

  • Mebendazole
  • Praziquantel
  • Ivermectin
50
Q

MUSCULOSKELETAL AGENTS

A
  1. anti-inflammatory
  2. anti-rheumatic
  3. anti-gout
  4. antispasmodic
51
Q

Used to manage pain and alleviate signs of inflammation

A

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

  • ibuprofen
  • naproxen
  • aspirin
52
Q

___________: form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints.

  • can affect any joint but is common in the wrist and fingers
  • an autoimmune disease, which means the arthritis results from your immune system attacking your body’s own tissues
A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

ANTI-RHEUMATIC

  • Azathioprine
  • cyclosporine
  • hydroxychloroquine
  • methotrexate
  • cyclophosphamide
  • ## infliximab
53
Q

_______: kind of arthritis that occurs when uric acid builds up in blood and causes joint inflammation

  • The use of ______ such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or indomethacin may be used as soon as your symptoms begin.
  • ________ helps reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
  • Corticosteroids can also be very effective.
A
  • Gout
  • NSAIDs
  • Colchicine

ANTI-GOUT

  • Colchicine (acute)
  • allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone (chronic)
  • NSAIDS except Salicylates and Tolmetin
  • Glucocorticoids (for symptomatic gout)
  • Hypourecemics: Allopurinol
54
Q
  • treat symptoms such as pain and spasm in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • may include spasm (colic), bloating and tummy (abdominal) pain
  • used to reduce the movement (motility) of the gut (intestines).
A

ANTISPASMODIC

  • Belladonna
  • Chlordiazepoxide
  • Dicyclomine
  • Hysoscyamine (HNBB: Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide)
55
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS

A
  1. anti-hypertensive
  2. anti-arrhythmia
  3. antianginal
  4. dyslipidemic
  5. anticoagulant
  6. antiplatelet
  7. thrombolytic
  8. Hemostatics
56
Q

__________ or ___________ is a condition where the arteries have persistently elevated blood pressure

__________: seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.

A
  • Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure
  • Antihypertensive therapy

ANTI-HYPERTENSION

  • ace inhibitors
  • diuretics
  • Ca channel blockers
  • fiazides
  • angiotensine-2-receptor blocker
  • vasodilator
  • betablockers
  • alphablockers
57
Q
  • Used to help treat abnormal heart rhythms and restore to normal rhythm and conduction
A

ANTI-ARRYTHMIA

  • Class I: Procainamide (1A), Mexilitine (1B), Propafenone (1C)
  • Class II: Beta blockers (-olol): Propranolol
  • Class III: Amiodarone, Bretylium, Dofetilide
  • Class IV: Calcium channel blockers: Diltiazem, Verapamil
58
Q

___________: chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.

  • act by increasing coronary blood flow and oxygen supply, or by preventing vasospasm and clot formation
A
  • Angina Pectoris

ANTIANGINAL

  • clonidine
59
Q

Drugs that lower the lipid content in blood

A

DYSLIPIDEMIC

  • clopidogrel
  • statins
  • fibrates
  • atorvastatin
  • colestipol
  • cholestyramine
  • nicotinic acid
60
Q

Agents that reduce the ability of the blood to clot

A

ANTICOAGULANTS

  • apixaban
  • warfarin
61
Q

Decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation

A

ANTIPLATELET

  • aspirin
  • clopidogrel
62
Q

Drugs that are used to dissolve clots in thrombolysis

A

THROMBOLYTIC

  • retavase
  • streptase
  • eminase
63
Q

Agents that arrest bleeding or hemorrhage

A

HEMOSTATICS

  • vasoconstrictors

(SLU) PHARMA 111: PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMA & HCS (18 decks)

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