DEFINITION OF PHARMACY Flashcards
1
Q
pharmacy came from the greek word ________ meaning _________
A
pharmakon
medicine or drug
2
Q
Therefore, a pharmacist is a
A
medicine or drug man
3
Q
- concerned w the art and science of preparing from natural & synthetic sources suitable and convenient materials for distribution and use in the treatment and prevention of diseases.
- emphasizes its dual nature as both an art and science
A
pharmacy
4
Q
2 associations of pharmacy
A
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP)
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP)
5
Q
it is science because it involves the development of ____________ (how drug works/effects of drug on the body) and ____________ (helping/healing)
A
drug pharmacology (how drug works/effects of drugs on the body)
therapeutics (helping/healing)
6
Q
2 meanings of pharmacy
A
- Profession whose function is the service it can render to the public in safeguarding the preparation, compounding, and dispensing of drugs and the storage and handling of drugs and medicinal supplies.
- Place or establishment where pharmacy is practiced.
7
Q
Legal definitions of pharmacy
A
i. Pharmacy is that profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing from natural and synthetic sources suitable and convenient materials for distribution and use in the treatment and prevention of disease.
ii. It embraces a knowledge of the identification, selection, pharmacologic action, preservation, combination, analysis, and standardization of drugs and medicines.
iii. It also includes the proper and safe distribution and use of drugs whether dispensed on the prescription of licensed physician, dentist, or veterinarian
iv. It embodies the distributive function of pharmacy in OTC (over- the- counter) sales as well as in prescriptions.
8
Q
historical developments of pharmacy
A
- prehistoric pharmacy
- ancient sumerian, babylonian, and asyrian medicine
- egyptian medicine
- chinese medicine
- greek medicine
- roman medicine
- arabian and persian medicine
- byzanthine medicine
- the dark or middle ages
- renaissance
- pharmacy in europe
- pharmacy in the us
- pharmacy in the ph
9
Q
diseases was attributed to evil forces or hostile magic.
A
prehistoric medicine
10
Q
regarded as caused by evil forces or forms of hostile magic
A
disease
11
Q
“magic” to rid themselves of the afflictions that beset them
A
cure
12
Q
doctor, shaman, priest, king, prophet, or physician
A
magician
13
Q
known for agricultural and craftmanship, produced some of the earliest surviving prescriptions dating back to 2000 BC.
A
sumerian civilization
14
Q
herbs, beers, tree bark, wine
A
tablet of nippur
15
Q
- referred to as the, “Jewel of Mesopotamia,” practiced the art of pharmacy as priests, pharmacists, and physicians
- cradle of civilization
- provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.
A
babylonian
16
Q
person who prepares medicine
A
apothecary
17
Q
Health was a subject of much more importance to these people, as a result they formulated _____________ (medical texts on clay tablets), of which ____ were of medical interest
A
12,000 tablet fragments
660 were of medical interest
18
Q
- great king who brought back health in their land
- suggested/accepted the law: an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth
- claimed that this came from shamash (sun god)
A
king hammurabi
19
Q
2 classes of practitioners in babylonia
A
asu and asipu
20
Q
empirical healers; healing through the use of plants or drugs.
A
asu
21
Q
magical healers; potion, amulets; spells.
A
asipu
22
Q
believed illness was a punishment for breaking the law, emphasizing importance of hygienic practice
A
assyrian
23
Q
- high status branch of medicine
- pharmacists as priests
- believe in many gods and goddesses
- contributions to pharmacy included the development of embalming techniques, the use of preservation methods, and foundation of chemistry
- Skills in pharmaceutical practice and industrial use of many chemical processes
A
egyptian medicine
24
Q
great god of healing- skilled and all powerful
A
thoth
25
apothecary/pharmacist of the Gods
anepu
26
world’s 1st named architect who built the first pyramid, 1st doctor, priest, scribe, sage, poet, astrologer, chief minister
imhotep
27
specialized medicine prepares who held a high status within the medical field
pastophor
28
Pharmacy was conducted by two or more ECHELONS
1. Gatherers and preparers of drugs
2. chiefs of fabrication or head pharmacists
29
echelons were thought to have worked in what they call as the
house of life
30
egyptians were the first to use
infusions, ointments, suppositories, lotions, enema, pills, lozenges
31
papyrus ebers
- provides a glimpse into their medicinal practices, outlining over 875 prescriptions and 700 drugs
- 21 yards long
- discovered by German Egyptologist, Georg Ebers who discovered it in the tomb of a mummy
- preserved at the University of Lepzig in Germany
32
- health and disease regarded as imbalance of the living forces everywhere
- disease is organic, animalistic, medicamental
chinese medicine
33
- emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs.
- tested many of them on himself
- still worshiped by native Chinese drug guilds as their patron god
shen nung
34
shen nung wrote the first ________, or native herbal recording ______ drugs
Pen T'sao
365 drugs
35
in the background of Pen T- Sao is the _______, a mathematical design symbolizing creation and life.
Pa Kua
36
Medicinal plants studied in the Pen T'sao include
podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, and ma huang or Ephedra.
37
- shift towards science
- mythological thinking
- origin of modern medicine
- healers offered massage, dietetics, pure water, sunlight, pure air, and physical exercise were a part of rational treatment afforded at the centers
greek medicine
38
greek historical characters
asclepius
hippocrates
theophrastus of eresus
pedanius dioscorides
claudius galen
39
- GREEK GOD OF MEDICINE
- symbolized by a staff with a coiled serpent, represented in healing arts
- bring back the dead to life
- skilled in surgery
- his daughter, Hygeia, emphasized the importance of health and beauty
asclepius
40
symbol of medicine, featuring a snake and a staff
rod of asclepius
41
- emblem of the Greek god Hermes (patron of thieves, merchants)
- features 2 snakes around a staff with wings
- symbol represents Hermes, fertility, rebirth, rejuvenation, harmony, and balance
caduceus
42
PHARMACY’S INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL
bowl of hygeia
43
o goddess of good health
o gave her name to the philosophy of hygiene
o in charge of “cleanliness” and how to live a long life, “preventive medicine”
o origin of the symbol of pharmacy which offered curative measures
hygeia
44
o healing
o cure all
o believed to be the Greek goddess of universal remedy
panacea
45
o remedy
o romans named her Salus
laso
46
- FATHER OF MEDICINE
- intertwined a more logical approach to diseases, moving away from spiritual explanations
- revived Socrates, Plato, Aristotle’s sciences of botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology as well as embryology
- made significant contributions to the understanding of herbs, their medicinal characteristics, and their peculiarities
- his work refined Aristotle’s contributions to botany and other natural sciences
hippocrates
47
Hippocrates' famous ____________ emphasizes ethical standards for physicians including the principle of ___________
Hippocratic Oath
"First, do no harm"
48
- father of botany (due to his extensive writing on plants)
Theophrastus of Eresus
Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus)
Turtamos
49
- first pharmacognosist
- Greek physician and pharmacologist
- exercised a deep lasting effect on medicine and pharmacy
- an important representative of the Science of Drugs in Antiquity
- authored the “De Materia Medica,” a foundational text for pharmacology for over 16 centuries
pedanius dioscorides
50
who wrote the De Materia Medica
Pedanius dioscorides
51
basis for European Materia Medica – mostly of plant sources
this work, encompassing 5 books, provided detailed information on drug preparation, description and properties
each chapter is 1 substance of its description, preparation, and therapeutic properties
de materia medica
52
study of chemical, physical, and biological properties of natural products and their potential for medicine or health benefits.
pharmacy
53
- attained Roman citizenship (migrated)
- revived the idea of Hippocrates and other Greek doctors
- emphasized the use of drug mixtures
- rejected superstitions and magic
- lead to the work of galenicals
- created a fundamental system of medicine called Galenic Pharmacy which ruled Western Medicine for 1500 years (He experimented in drug compounding)
cladius galen
54
first cold cream (Galen’s Cerate)
- gentle, natural, moisturizing cleanser, makeup remover
- almond/olive oil, rosewater, beeswax
55
Galen created a fundamental system of medicine called ________________ which ruled Western Medicine for ________ (He experimented in drug compounding)
galenic pharmacy
1500 years
56
he relied on mixtures of drugs to cure disease
galenic pharmacy
57
type of preparation used by Galen (these are mechanical mixtures)
galenicals
58
- influenced by Greeks but more superstitious because they believed in astrology and meteorological phenomena
- magic & occultism believed in sacred, mysterious, or supernatural entities
roman medicine
59
- father of toxicology
- found the art of preventing and cultivating poison
mithridates VI, king of pontus
60
- sealed earth
- originated in the island of Lemnos
- usually prepared into cakes when dried
- clay is dried and crushed into powder
- believed to cure diseases and plague
terra sigillata
61
* a book, especially an official publication, containing a list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use.
Pharmacopeia
62
* referred to drug sellers or pharmacists.
* a person who sold medicinal drugs, remedies, and sometimes other substances like herbs or spices.
Pharmacopolae
63
* individuals who specialized in grinding or preparing drugs and medicinal substances.
* term comes from the Greek word "pharmakon" (meaning drug or medicine) and "tritos" (meaning rubbed or ground).
Pharmacotritae
64
* individuals who were sellers or makers of unguents, ointments, or perfumes in ancient Rome.
- ointment
- maker
Ungeuntarii
ung
tarii
65
* spice merchants or dealers in spices and aromatics.
* spice merchants or dealers in spices and aromatics.
Pimentarii
66
* individuals who dealt with aromatic substances, such as perfumes, spices, and incense, in ancient Roman times.
* merchants specialized in the trade of aromatic products, which were highly valued in Roman society for religious rituals, medicinal purposes, and personal use.
Aromatarii
67
- made the first asylum
ARABIAN & PERSIAN MEDICINE
68
- first pharmacy shop:
BAGHDAD
69
- separated the arts of apothecary and physician
- this era saw the introduction of new dosage forms, including syrups, conservatives, confections, and jams
- witnessed the rise of alchemy, a pseudoscience formed on transforming base metals into gold
ARABIAN & PERSIAN MEDICINE
70
o indestructibility
o panacea
o elixir of life
aurum potabile
potable gold
71
o preparation consisting of gold particles in oil and alcohol
o “cure all” substance
“potable gold,” or the “elixir of life”
72
- mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acids capable of dissolving gold
- marks the beginning of pharmaceutical chemistry (means "regal water" or "king's water")
- yellow-orange (sometimes red) fuming liquid, so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals, gold and platinum, though not all metals.
aqua regia
73
- known as the “Persian Galen” unified the pharmaceutical and medical knowledge of his time
- wrote the Canon of Medicine, regarded as the first pharmacopeia
Avicenna or Ibn Sina
74
- discovered/invented Aqua regia
- mixture of 3HCl & 1HNO3
Jabbir Ibn Hayyan (Geber)
75
large doses of Gold
auric fever
76
PATRON SAINTS OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE:
DAMIAN (apothecary) & COSMAS (physician)
77
DAMIAN (apothecary) & COSMAS (physician) are known as
Holy Unmercenaries or the Anargyroi (without silver)
78
si may black leg
deacon justinian
79
- came after the roman empire
- greatly influenced by Arabs
BYZANTHINE PHARMACY & MEDICINE
80
BYZANTHINE PHARMACY & MEDICINE
advocacy prevention of ____________ (an action like the use of medicine taken to prevent disease) and __________ (treatment)
prophylaxis
cure
81
- romans conquered by the Germans
- rise of monasteries; rise of the huns and Vikings
THE DARK OR MIDDLE AGES
82
- sanctuaries for people
- custodians for medicine
monasteries
clergy
83
2 main compilations of drugs
antidotaria
receptaria
84
similar to dispensaries (medical formulary).
antidotaria
85
issued the magna carta of Pharmacy, which represented pharmacy proven medicine, established official separation of pharmaceutical practice and set limitations on the number of pharmacists.
King Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
85
served as formularies and pharmacopeias; more modest formularies.
receptaria
