Finals | Medical Image Displaying, Visualization and Representation Flashcards
A system that offers browsing of patients’ studies with a series of images.
Image Display
Supports the retrieval of selected set of images and their presentation characteristics specified by modality (size, color, annotations, layout, etc.).
Image Display
Image Display
Two components:
A. Processing unit
B. Image memory
Used to supplement the computer memory to increase the storage capacity for images and to speed up the image display.
Image memory
Two types of computer memory:
a. Random access memory (RAM)
b. Video random access memory (VRAM)
usually comes with the computer and is less expensive
RAM
has a very high input/ output rate and is used to display images/ graphics
VRAM
A workstation usually has more (1) than (2). In PACS, typical numbers are (3) RAM and (4) VRAM or more
- RAM
- VRAM
- 1GB
- 64Mbyte
are defined as those at workstations used for diagnosis.
CLASS 1 DISPLAY MONITORS:
May still be classified as “workstations” as we have defined them, but are not used for diagnosis.
CLASS 2 MONITORS:
is defined as a fully-equipped computer terminal that cannot only access images, but can be used to manipulate image quality and permanently save changes made to the image in the PAC system. Patient information attached to each image can also be added or deleted.
WORKSTATION
The control console of a CT or MRI machine can be classified as a —.
workstation
Is defined as a computer terminal that is limited to the display of stored images—there is no ability to permanently manipulate or change the image, nor generally to print out hard copies.
DISPLAY STATION
Process of assigning a value to a dead pixel based on the recorded values of adjacent pixels.
Interpolation Algorithms
Reconstruction of an image at any z-axis position is possible because of this mathematical process.
Interpolation Algorithms
If one wishes to estimate a value BETWEEN known values, that is (1); if one wishes to estimate a value BEYOND the range of known values, that is (2).
- interpolation
- extrapolation
Data INTERPOLATION is performed by a special computer program called a/n (1). The first (1) use (2) interpolation.
- interpolation algorithm
- 360-degree linear
2D & 3D DISPLAYING ALGORITHM
The plane of the reconstructed image was interpolated from data acquired one revolution apart. When these images are formatted into (1) and (2) views, BLURRING can occur.
- sagittal
- coronal
2D & 3D DISPLAYING ALGORITHM
The solution to the blurring problem is (1) of values separated by (2) degrees—half a revolution of the x-ray tube. This results in improved (3 resolution and greatly improved reformatted sagittal and coronal views.
- interpolation
- 180
- z-axis
half a revolution of the x-ray tube
180 degrees
represents a collection of methods used in computer graphics and scientific visualization to create a 2D projection from a discretely sampled 3D data set.
VOLUME RENDERING
It allows experts to understand medical data from CAT or MRI scanners, and other volumetric data for which geometric surfaces are unavailable—or just too difficult or cost-prohibitive to generate.
VOLUME RENDERING AND DATA VISUALIZATION
Provides a way to parse complex data, and reveal intricate 3D relationships.
Volume visualization
Virtual reality is currently used for practice in preparing medical and allied health professionals and in preparation for (1) and (2) surgeries.
- neuro
- cardiac
These 360-degree models are generated using (1) and (2) images and provide (3) surgeons with a detailed planning tool.
- CT
- MRI
- pediatric
The hospital is using the (1) technology to create these patient models, the same VR technology is utilized in (2) simulations. This VR is currently being used in the hospital’s (3) and (4) surgery programs.
- Surgical Theater Precision Virtual Reality
- F-16 fighter aircraft
- neurology
- cardiac
Surgical Theater’s VR was recently used at the (1) to create similar patient models for (2) as well.
- UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals
- neurosurgery
(SUBTOPICS) Medical Image Displaying, Visualization and Representation
I. IMAGE DISPLAYING
II. DISPLAY WORKSTATIONS
AND OTHER TOOLS
III. 2D & 3D DISPLAYING ALGORITHM
IV. 3D VOLUME RENDERING AND RAY-TRACING
V. VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGY
