Finals Flashcards
Series of steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions; include observing and hypothesizing, experimenting, and fathering and interpreting results
Scientific method
Designing an experiment (hypothesis, control, experiment, conclusion)
Experimental design
Group of ecosystems with the same climax communities; biomes on land are called terrestrial, on water are called aquatic
Biomes
Organism in a food chain that represents a feeding step in the passage of energy and materials through an ecosystem
Trophic levels
Model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community
Food web
Organisms that use energy from the sun
Autotroph
Consumers
Heterotroph
Makes own energy
Producer
Orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that take place in ecosystem communities over time
Succession (1st and 2nd)
Association of different species
Symbiosis
One harms another
Parasitism
One benefits, one neither benefits or is harmed
Commensalism
Both benefit
Mutualism
Number of organisms of one species that an environment can support; populations below increase, above, decrease
Carrying capacity
Variety of a life in an area
Biodiversity
Occur when predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter traits of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation
Trophic cascade
The arrangement or spread of people living in a given area
Population distribution
Carbon, nitrogen, water, phosphorous cycles
Nutrient cycles
+ charged center of an atom, contains protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Positively charged particles, inside nucleus
Protons
Negatively charged particles in electron cloud
Electrons
Neutrally charged particles inside nucleus
Neutrons
= protons
Atomic number
= protons + neutrons
Atomic mass
Chemical bond formed when two atoms combine by sharing electrons
Covalent bond
Chemical bond formed by the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope
Special characteristics of water
Polar, transports things, resists temperature changes
Movement of particles from higher to an area of lower
Diffusion
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane
Osmosis
Molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule hVing a positive end and a negative end
Polar molecule
Large, complex polymer essential to all life composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur; provided structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism
Proteins
Main source for the body to gain energy ; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates
Insulate the body to maintain normal body temp, cushion internal organs for protection
Lipids
Complex macromolecules such as rna and DNase, that store genetic information in cells in the form of a code
Nucleic acid
Basic building blocks of protein molecules
Amino acids
Covalent bond formed between amino acids
Peptide bond
Type of protein found in all living things that increases the rate of chemical reactions
Enzyme
Unicellular or multicellular organisms such as yeast, plants, and animals, composed of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, composed of prokaryotic cells. They lack internal membrane bound structures
Prokaryote
Membrane bound structures within eukaryotic cells
Organelles
Clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell
Cytoplasm
ER is the site of chemical reactions. Areas where ribosomes do not attach to ER
Smooth ER
ER has ribosomes attached
Rough ER
Membrane bound fluid filled space in the cytoplasm of plant cells used for the temporary storage of materials
Vacuole
Eukaryotic membrane bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules into atp; has a highly folded inner membrane that produces energy storing molecules
Mitochondria
Chlorophyll containing cell organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists; capture light energy from the sun, which is converted to chemical energy in food molecules
Chloroplasts
In eukaryotic cells, the central membrane bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA
Nucleus
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes; digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
Lysosomes
Firm, fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provides support and protection
Cell wall
The boundary between the cell and it’s environment, to slow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are
Cell membrane/ plasma membrane
Critical for the formation and function; fatty acid rails are no polar, head of the phosphate is polar
Phospholipid bilateral
Homeostasis
The process of maintaining balance within the cell
Adaptation
Evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment
Carbohydrates
Main source for the body to gain energy, make up cell walls in plants
Nucleus
Leader of the eukaryotic cell, contains the directions to make proteins
Prokaryote
Cells lacking internal membrane bound structures, unicellular organisms, bacteria
Ribosomes
Non membrane bound organelles in the nucleus where enzymes and other proteins are assembled
Phospholipid bilayer
Two layers of phospholipids back to back (lipids with a phosphate group–phosphorous and oxygen)
Compare/contrast plant and animal cells
Animal cells have vacuoles
Plant cells are larger than animal cells, and have cell walls and chloroplasts
