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finals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is carbon

A

Carbon has how many valence electrons: 4
Basic unit of biomolecules

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2
Q

Biomolecules are… 4

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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3
Q

protein is

A

an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids, the monomers of proteins.

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4
Q

what do proteins do

A

Work to all jobs, help keep shape, make up muscles, speed up chemical reactions, carry messages and materials

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5
Q

what are proteins largest

A

titin

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6
Q

what is a lipid

A

an organic compound such as fat or oil.

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7
Q

what are the two types of lipids/ fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.

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8
Q

what are characteristics of lipids

A

don’t combine with water

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9
Q

main functions of lipids

A

make membranes and store energy and carry messages

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10
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

A carbohydrate is an organic compound such as sugar or starch and is used to store energy.

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11
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

sugar and starch

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12
Q

subunit of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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13
Q

characteristics of charbohydrates

A

carbohydrates are built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each other to make a larger molecule.

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14
Q

main functions of carbohydrates

A

provide short term energy and give structure also provide energy to cells

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15
Q

what are nucleic acids

A

A nucleic acid is an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA, that is built of monomers called nucleotides.

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16
Q

types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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17
Q

subunits of nucleic acids

A

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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18
Q

characteristics of nucleic acids

A

Many nucleotides bind together to form a chain called a polynucleotide.

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19
Q

main functions of nucleic acids

A

hold information to make proteins or carry energy, store genetic info

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20
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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21
Q

what is a eukaryote

A

organism that has cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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22
Q

what is a dehydration reaction

A

a type of chemical reaction where water (𝐻2𝑂) is removed from the reactants.

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23
Q

what are reactants

A

The starting substances in a chemical reaction

24
Q

what are products

A

The ending product of a chemical reaction

25
Q

what is an active sight

A

​​the place on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

26
Q

what is true about enzymes

A

Certain enzymes work better in environments and temperatures in the body.

27
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the bodies way of keeping everything stable and the right temperature.

28
Q

what is true about energy

A

Energy left over does not get destroyed but instead used for something else.

29
Q

what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport.

30
Q

what is glycolysis

A

first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split in the absence of oxygen to form two molecules of pyruvate and a net total of two ATP.

31
Q

what is the krebs cycle

A

second stage of cellular respiration in which two pyruvate molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2 in the presence of oxygen.

32
Q

what is electron transport

A

third stage of cellular respiration, which occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria, requires oxygen, and produces up to 34 molecules of ATP.

33
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

:process in which cells use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make oxygen and glucose, an energy-storing sugar.

34
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

35
Q

what is fermentation

A

making ATP without oxygen

36
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide

37
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid) from glycolysis changes to lactic acid.

38
Q

what does selectively permeable mean

A

only certain molecules can pass through

39
Q

what is a phospholipid property

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, 2 fatty acid tails

40
Q

what is a nuclear pore

A

tiny hole in the nuclear envelope that helps regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

41
Q

what is a nucleus

A

:organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control center of the cell.

42
Q

what is a cytoskeleton

A

structure in a cell consisting of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape.

43
Q

what is cytosol

A

:watery substance that makes up cytoplasm, and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes.

44
Q

what is a ribosome

A

structure found in all cells that is the site of protein synthesis.w

45
Q

what is the rough ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded on its surface.

46
Q

what is the smooth ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes embedded on its surface.

47
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy

48
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

49
Q

is osmosis hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic

A

isotonic

50
Q

what is diffusion

A

is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. Higher to lower till they reach equilibrium.

51
Q

what way does diffusion move

A

peripheral/ passive proteins

52
Q

is diffusion hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

A

isotonic

53
Q

diffusion moves through

A

peripheral/ passive proteins

54
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the cell membrane.

55
Q

facilitated diffusion moves through

A

transport proteins, integral/ passive transport

56
Q

facilitated diffusion is (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

A

isotonic

57
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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