finals Flashcards
What is carbon
Carbon has how many valence electrons: 4
Basic unit of biomolecules
Biomolecules are… 4
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
protein is
an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids, the monomers of proteins.
what do proteins do
Work to all jobs, help keep shape, make up muscles, speed up chemical reactions, carry messages and materials
what are proteins largest
titin
what is a lipid
an organic compound such as fat or oil.
what are the two types of lipids/ fatty acids
saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
what are characteristics of lipids
don’t combine with water
main functions of lipids
make membranes and store energy and carry messages
what are carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is an organic compound such as sugar or starch and is used to store energy.
types of carbohydrates
sugar and starch
subunit of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
characteristics of charbohydrates
carbohydrates are built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each other to make a larger molecule.
main functions of carbohydrates
provide short term energy and give structure also provide energy to cells
what are nucleic acids
A nucleic acid is an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA, that is built of monomers called nucleotides.
types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
subunits of nucleic acids
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
characteristics of nucleic acids
Many nucleotides bind together to form a chain called a polynucleotide.
main functions of nucleic acids
hold information to make proteins or carry energy, store genetic info
what is a prokaryote
single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
what is a eukaryote
organism that has cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
what is a dehydration reaction
a type of chemical reaction where water (𝐻2𝑂) is removed from the reactants.
what are reactants
The starting substances in a chemical reaction
what are products
The ending product of a chemical reaction
what is an active sight
the place on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
what is true about enzymes
Certain enzymes work better in environments and temperatures in the body.
what is homeostasis
the bodies way of keeping everything stable and the right temperature.
what is true about energy
Energy left over does not get destroyed but instead used for something else.
what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport.
what is glycolysis
first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split in the absence of oxygen to form two molecules of pyruvate and a net total of two ATP.
what is the krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration in which two pyruvate molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2 in the presence of oxygen.
what is electron transport
third stage of cellular respiration, which occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria, requires oxygen, and produces up to 34 molecules of ATP.
what is photosynthesis
:process in which cells use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make oxygen and glucose, an energy-storing sugar.
what is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
what is fermentation
making ATP without oxygen
what is alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide
what is lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid) from glycolysis changes to lactic acid.
what does selectively permeable mean
only certain molecules can pass through
what is a phospholipid property
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, 2 fatty acid tails
what is a nuclear pore
tiny hole in the nuclear envelope that helps regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
what is a nucleus
:organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control center of the cell.
what is a cytoskeleton
structure in a cell consisting of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape.
what is cytosol
:watery substance that makes up cytoplasm, and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes.
what is a ribosome
structure found in all cells that is the site of protein synthesis.w
what is the rough ER
endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded on its surface.
what is the smooth ER
endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes embedded on its surface.
what is the mitochondria
organelle in eukaryotic cells that uses energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
is osmosis hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic
isotonic
what is diffusion
is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. Higher to lower till they reach equilibrium.
what way does diffusion move
peripheral/ passive proteins
is diffusion hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
isotonic
diffusion moves through
peripheral/ passive proteins
what is facilitated diffusion
is the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the cell membrane.
facilitated diffusion moves through
transport proteins, integral/ passive transport
facilitated diffusion is (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
isotonic
