Ch. 1 Intro to Biology

Question 1

Why is Carbon important to Biology?

Answer 1

It has 4 valence electrons(4 bonds), it is the basic unit of biomolecules, and is good at building other molecules. The four molecules found in all living things proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 2

When two or more elements bond together, they form what?

Answer 2

A compound

Question 3

What makes and brakes chemical bonds?

Answer 3

Chemical reactions

Question 4

What force holds atoms together?

Answer 4

Chemical bonds

Question 5

lipids do what?

Answer 5

make membranes and store energy and carry messages

Question 6

carbohydrates do what?

Answer 6

provide short term energy and give structure also provide energy to cells

Question 7

proteins do what?

Answer 7

all jobs, help keep shape, make up muscles, speed up chemical reactions, carry messages and materials

Question 8

nucleic acids do what?

Answer 8

hold information to make proteins or carry energy, store genetic info

Question 9

What reaction will bond two monomers together to form a polymer?

Answer 9

Dehydration

Question 10

What reaction adds a water molecule to break two monomers apart?

Answer 10

Hydrolysis

Question 11

What are the four carbon based molecules found in all living things?

Answer 11

Lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

Question 12

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all made from a repeating subunit called what?

Answer 12

monomer

Question 13

What is it called when two monomers are bonded together?

Answer 13

polymer

Question 14

What is a monomer of Carbohydrates?

Answer 14

Monosaccharide or glucose and fructose

Question 15

What do two monosaccharides bonded together make?

Answer 15

Disaccharide or sugar

Question 16

Many monosaccharides bond together to make what?

Answer 16

polysaccharide or startch

Question 17

Carbohydrates, _____ and _____, are used for long-term energy storage.

Answer 17

sugar, starch

Question 18

Starch can be found in…

Answer 18

potatoes, pasta, bread, carbs

Question 19

Glycogen can be found in…

Answer 19

animal muscles

Question 20

Cellulose can be found in…

Answer 20

plant’s cell walls

Question 21

Chitin can be found in…

Answer 21

exoskeleton of insects and fungus

Question 22

What is a monomer of protein?

Answer 22

amino acid

Question 23

What bonds are formed in a polymer of protein?

Answer 23

peptide bond

Question 24

What is the carbon in the center of the amino acid called?

Answer 24

Alpha Carbon

Question 25

What are the groups that bond to each side of the Alpha Carbon called?

Answer 25

amino group (left) and carboxyl group (right)

Question 26

What group varies from one amino acid to the other which makes it unique?

Answer 26

The R group also know as the variable group

Question 27

What protein structure has a chain of amino acids that make a polypeptide?

Answer 27

primary structure

Question 28

What protein structure has a weakly bonded pleated sheets or alpha helix?

Answer 28

secondary structure

Question 29

What protein structure has a strongly bonded 3-D shape?

Answer 29

tertiary structure

Question 30

What protein structure has a final functional structure made of multiple polypeptides?

Answer 30

Quaternary structure

Question 31

What property of lipids allows them to form membranes?

Answer 31

Lipids are hydrophobic(cannot mix with water)

Question 32

The shape of a lipid is determined by its _________ ________.

Answer 32

chemical structure

Question 33

The carbon chain bonds with hydrogen to make a ____ ____.

Answer 33

fatty acid

Question 34

Why do straight chains of fatty acids stack closely and remain solid at room temperature?

Answer 34

Because they are saturated

Question 35

Why do unsaturated fatty acid chains stack loosely and remain liquid at room temperature?

Answer 35

Because they are bent chains and not all carbons are bonded to two hydrogens

Question 36

What lipid stores energy in our bodies?

Answer 36

Triglycerides

Question 37

What lipid forms cell membranes in our bodies?

Answer 37

Phospholipids

Question 38

What lipid is a chemical messenger in our bodies?

Answer 38

Steroids

Question 39

What is the chemical structure of phospholipids?

Answer 39

A phosphate head, with glycerol in the middle, and two fatty acid chains(one saturated, one monounsaturated)

Question 40

What part of phospholipids is hydrophobic?

Answer 40

Fatty acid chains

Question 41

What part of phospholipids is hydrophilic?

Answer 41

phosphate head

Question 42

Nucleic acids are made from the monomer, _________.

Answer 42

nucleotide

Question 43

What are the five different types of nucleotide called?

Answer 43

Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Uracil

Question 44

three types of nucleic acids:

Answer 44

DNA, RNA, and ATP

Question 45

What is DNA?

Answer 45

the code to make a chain of RNA bases

Question 46

What is RNA?

Answer 46

carry the code to make a chain of amino acids(proteins).

Question 47

What is ATP?

Answer 47

energy carrier

Question 48

The sugar-phosphate backbone is held together by what kind of bonds?

Answer 48

covalent(strong bonds)

Question 49

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 49

Phosphate Group Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous base

Question 50

What bonds hold two polynucleotide chains together?

Answer 50

hydrogen(weak bonds)

Question 51

How do you count the 5 carbons in a sugar of a nucleotide?

Answer 51

You start with the carbon bonded to the N base, then go clockwise, end with the flag on the phosphate bond

Question 52

What do you call each end of a polynucleotide?

Answer 52

5'(five prime) 3'(three prime)

Question 53

DNA wraps around proteins and coils up forming a _________.

Answer 53

Chromosome

Question 54

What is the base pair rule?

Answer 54

Adenine bonds with Thymine Cytosine bonds with Guanine

Question 55

What is conservation of matter?

Answer 55

matter cannot be created or destroyed

Question 56

Describe an Exothermic reaction

Answer 56

releases heat energy

Question 57

Describe an Endothermic reaction

Answer 57

absorb heat energy

Question 58

What is activation energy?

Answer 58

energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Question 59

Describe the process enzymes go through.

Answer 59

The reactants go into the active site of an enzyme and either bonds substrates together or breaks them apart, then releases

Question 60

What do enzymes do?

Answer 60

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Question 61

In what ways do enzymes bring down the activation energy in a chemical reaction?

Answer 61

Hold reactants closer together. Position reactant in proper orientation Allow reaction to occur by different pathways that are easier.

Question 62

Why do enzymes only do certain reactions?

Answer 62

Because they are shape based and are specific to certain substrates

Question 63

Liver contains what enzyme?

Answer 63

catalase

Question 64

What is all of the chemical reactions that happen in living things?

Answer 64

Metabolism

Question 65

catalase catalyzes a reaction that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into what?

Answer 65

water and oxygen

Question 66

(Image) How does using an enzyme speed up your equation

Answer 66

With an enzyme the activation energy needed goes down. Without an enzyme more is required. Reactants when you add energy or heat the reaction ramps up. When the energy goes down you get two different outcomes. The red line represents a reaction with an enzyme the blue is without an enzyme. Proves that when you use an enzyme it will speed it up but ultimately they will end up at the same place. The one that has the enzyme will just move at a faster rate.