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Biology > Ch. 1 Intro to Biology > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Intro to Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is Carbon important to Biology?

A

It has 4 valence electrons(4 bonds), it is the basic unit of biomolecules, and is good at building other molecules. The four molecules found in all living things proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

When two or more elements bond together, they form what?

A

A compound

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3
Q

What makes and brakes chemical bonds?

A

Chemical reactions

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4
Q

What force holds atoms together?

A

Chemical bonds

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5
Q

lipids do what?

A

make membranes and store energy and carry messages

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6
Q

carbohydrates do what?

A

provide short term energy and give structure also provide energy to cells

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7
Q

proteins do what?

A

all jobs, help keep shape, make up muscles, speed up chemical reactions, carry messages and materials

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8
Q

nucleic acids do what?

A

hold information to make proteins or carry energy, store genetic info

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9
Q

What reaction will bond two monomers together to form a polymer?

A

Dehydration

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10
Q

What reaction adds a water molecule to break two monomers apart?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

What are the four carbon based molecules found in all living things?

A

Lipids, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

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12
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all made from a repeating subunit called what?

A

monomer

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13
Q

What is it called when two monomers are bonded together?

A

polymer

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14
Q

What is a monomer of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide or glucose and fructose

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15
Q

What do two monosaccharides bonded together make?

A

Disaccharide or sugar

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16
Q

Many monosaccharides bond together to make what?

A

polysaccharide or startch

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17
Q

Carbohydrates, _____ and _____, are used for long-term energy storage.

A

sugar, starch

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18
Q

Starch can be found in…

A

potatoes, pasta, bread, carbs

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19
Q

Glycogen can be found in…

A

animal muscles

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20
Q

Cellulose can be found in…

A

plant’s cell walls

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21
Q

Chitin can be found in…

A

exoskeleton of insects and fungus

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22
Q

What is a monomer of protein?

A

amino acid

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23
Q

What bonds are formed in a polymer of protein?

A

peptide bond

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24
Q

What is the carbon in the center of the amino acid called?

A

Alpha Carbon

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25
Q

What are the groups that bond to each side of the Alpha Carbon called?

A

amino group (left) and carboxyl group (right)

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26
Q

What group varies from one amino acid to the other which makes it unique?

A

The R group also know as the variable group

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27
Q

What protein structure has a chain of amino acids that make a polypeptide?

A

primary structure

28
Q

What protein structure has a weakly bonded pleated sheets or alpha helix?

A

secondary structure

29
Q

What protein structure has a strongly bonded 3-D shape?

A

tertiary structure

30
Q

What protein structure has a final functional structure made of multiple polypeptides?

A

Quaternary structure

31
Q

What property of lipids allows them to form membranes?

A

Lipids are hydrophobic(cannot mix with water)

32
Q

The shape of a lipid is determined by its _________ ________.

A

chemical structure

33
Q

The carbon chain bonds with hydrogen to make a ____ ____.

A

fatty acid

34
Q

Why do straight chains of fatty acids stack closely and remain solid at room temperature?

A

Because they are saturated

35
Q

Why do unsaturated fatty acid chains stack loosely and remain liquid at room temperature?

A

Because they are bent chains and not all carbons are bonded to two hydrogens

36
Q

What lipid stores energy in our bodies?

A

Triglycerides

37
Q

What lipid forms cell membranes in our bodies?

A

Phospholipids

38
Q

What lipid is a chemical messenger in our bodies?

A

Steroids

39
Q

What is the chemical structure of phospholipids?

A

A phosphate head, with glycerol in the middle, and two fatty acid chains(one saturated, one monounsaturated)

40
Q

What part of phospholipids is hydrophobic?

A

Fatty acid chains

41
Q

What part of phospholipids is hydrophilic?

A

phosphate head

42
Q

Nucleic acids are made from the monomer, _________.

A

nucleotide

43
Q

What are the five different types of nucleotide called?

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine, Uracil

44
Q

three types of nucleic acids:

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

45
Q

What is DNA?

A

the code to make a chain of RNA bases

46
Q

What is RNA?

A

carry the code to make a chain of amino acids(proteins).

47
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy carrier

48
Q

The sugar-phosphate backbone is held together by what kind of bonds?

A

covalent(strong bonds)

49
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate Group
Pentose Sugar
Nitrogenous base

50
Q

What bonds hold two polynucleotide chains together?

A

hydrogen(weak bonds)

51
Q

How do you count the 5 carbons in a sugar of a nucleotide?

A

You start with the carbon bonded to the N base, then go clockwise, end with the flag on the phosphate bond

52
Q

What do you call each end of a polynucleotide?

A

5’(five prime) 3’(three prime)

53
Q

DNA wraps around proteins and coils up forming a _________.

A

Chromosome

54
Q

What is the base pair rule?

A

Adenine bonds with Thymine
Cytosine bonds with Guanine

55
Q

What is conservation of matter?

A

matter cannot be created or destroyed

56
Q

Describe an Exothermic reaction

A

releases heat energy

57
Q

Describe an Endothermic reaction

A

absorb heat energy

58
Q

What is activation energy?

A

energy needed to start a chemical reaction

59
Q

Describe the process enzymes go through.

A

The reactants go into the active site of an enzyme and either bonds substrates together or breaks them apart, then releases

60
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

61
Q

In what ways do enzymes bring down the activation energy in a chemical reaction?

A

Hold reactants closer together.
Position reactant in proper orientation
Allow reaction to occur by different pathways that are easier.

62
Q

Why do enzymes only do certain reactions?

A

Because they are shape based and are specific to certain substrates

63
Q

Liver contains what enzyme?

A

catalase

64
Q

What is all of the chemical reactions that happen in living things?

A

Metabolism

65
Q

catalase catalyzes a reaction that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into what?

A

water and oxygen

66
Q

(Image) How does using an enzyme speed up your equation

A

With an enzyme the activation energy needed goes down. Without an enzyme more is required. Reactants when you add energy or heat the reaction ramps up. When the energy goes down you get two different outcomes. The red line represents a reaction with an enzyme the blue is without an enzyme. Proves that when you use an enzyme it will speed it up but ultimately they will end up at the same place. The one that has the enzyme will just move at a faster rate.

Biology (3 decks)

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