Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is the order of the central dogma
DNA-RNA-Proteins
what are the 2 processes involved in the central dogma
transcription and translation
where does transcription and translation take place in Eukaryotic cells
the nucleus
who is Frederic Griffith
Discovered the process of transforming by injecting smooth and rough strains into mice. STUDY THE CHART ON CK12
who is Oswald Avery
Found out that DNA is the genetic material By isolating the protein, RNA, and DNA before exposing them to the non-lethal R-cell bacteria, they were able to show that DNA was the molecule causing transformation. LOOK AT CHART ALSO ON CK12 NOBODY BELIEVED HIM
who is alfred hershey and martha chase
Verified that DNA is genetic material. Worked with bacteria and viruses. LOOK ON CK12 FINALLY CONVINCED EVERYONE
who is erwin Chargaff
Studied the nitrogen bases of different species. The number of each of the bases was different in different species, but the proportion of adenine to thymine, and cytosine to guanine was always consistent. Became known as the Chargaff rule.
who is james watson and francis crick
determined the double helix structure
who is rosaling franklin and maurice wilkins
created x-ray diffraction images of DNA.
who is marshall nirenberg
created the codon chart
Structure and composition of a nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar base, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
3’ - 5’ nature
5 prime is leading, 3 prime is lagging
always builds on the 3 prime, lagging builds away from helicase, leading builds toward
what is the base pair rule
A bonds with T, C bonds with G. uracil replaces thymine in RNA
what is a semiconservative nature
each strand is conserved and used in synthesis to make a new synthesized strand of DNA
purine vs. pyrimidine
purine: two carbon nitrogen ring. Pyrimidine: one carbon nitrogen ring base
Characteristics of RNA
Smaller than DNA, single stranded, uses uracil instead of thymine
what is initiation in transcription
promoter RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, and the double helix opens up.
what is elongation in transcription
RNA nucleotides are bonded to one of the exposed sides of the DNA.
what are the 3 processes in transcription
initiation, elongation, and termination
what is termination
a sequence of bases on the DNA tells the RNA polymerase to stop transcribing and let go.
what is splicing
Ribonucleoproteins remove the segments of the mRNA that don’t code for a protein (introns) and glue back together the pieces that need to be expressed (exons).
what is an intron
non-coding or non-regulatory region of a gene or mRNA; removed prior to translation.
what is an exon
protein coding region of a gene or mRNA.
what is polyadenylation
a chain of adenine nucleotides is added to 3’ end of the mRNA
what are the problems in the central dogma
DNA is in the nucleus and cannot fit through nuclear pores
Proteins are made in the cytoplasm so how do we get DNA there
DNA and ribosomes cannot get together
what works like a messenger
RNA
what are the 3 main types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
what does mRNA do
encodes proteins
what does tRNA do
acts as the adaptor between mRNA and amino acids
what does rRNA do
forms the ribosome
