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Biology > Chapter 3 Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a test cross

A

Crossing a plant with an unknown genotype (PP or Pp) with a known genotype (pp)

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2
Q

what is a polygenic trait

A

A single trait that is controlled by more than one gene (poly/many genes) color of skin, eyes, and many more things

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3
Q

what does it mean to have multiple alleles

A

A trait that has more than two different versions (blood type- A,B, AB, and O)

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4
Q

what is meiosis

A

type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half and four haploid cells are produced(gametes).

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5
Q

True or false: When gametes (haploid cells) combine in fertilization, the offspring (diploid cells) will have two of each chromosome.

A

true

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6
Q

what does diploid mean

A

contains 2 sets of chromosomes

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7
Q

what does haploid mean

A

contain a single set of chromosomes

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8
Q

what is the difference between somatic cells and gametes

A

somatic cells are also called body cells, and gametes are only sperm cells and egg cells.

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9
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

(same size, shape, centromere location, and genes…but NOT exact copies because of different versions of the genes)-

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10
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

two identical allele for a gene (TT) or (tt)

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11
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

two different alleles for a particular gene (Tt)

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12
Q

what is genotype

A

The combination of alleles (Tt) or (tt)

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13
Q

what is a phenotype

A

The expression of alleles (tall) or (short)

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14
Q

what is true about dominant and recessive traits

A

There are two factors that control a characteristic. Dominant trait(represented by a capital letter) dominates the recessive allele(represented by a lowercase letter) so the dominant allele shows through.

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15
Q

monohybrid vs. dihybrid cross

A

monohybrid cross is considering only one trait, and usually refers to crossing individuals with opposing traits (ex. Flower color - purple x white). Dihybrid cross is considering two traits at one time (ex. Flower color and seed color)

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16
Q

what are autosomal chromosomes

A

22 pairs in humans that contain genes for characteristics, unrelated to sex.

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17
Q

what are sex chromosomes

A

one of two chromosomes (in humans, X or Y chromosome) that determine the sex of an individual in a sexually reproducing species.

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18
Q

what is pharmacogenomics

A

the study of how someone will react to medicines

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19
Q

what made Mendel’s experiments different from Knights

A

Mendel kept track of the results he got from his crosses. He documented the results and did some basic math (ratios) to analyze the offspring produced.

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20
Q

why were pea plants good for early studies

A

Fast growing
Easy to propagate
Visible characteristics
Variable characteristics
Two versions of each trait

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21
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

A genetic cross between two individuals only concerning one trait. 2x2 square. The purpose of a monohybrid cross is to study how one specific trait is inherited from one generation to the next.

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22
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

A

a genetic cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits. 4x4 square

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23
Q

What genetic material is received from father, and what is received from mother?

A

Each parent contributes ½ of the genome of the new individual.

24
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law of inheritance that states that the two factors (alleles) that control a given trait separate and go to different gametes.

25
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law of inheritance that states that factors (alleles) controlling different traits are inherited independently of each other.

26
Q

know how to do a punnett square along with probability

A
27
Q

what does punnet square help to do?

A

chart for determining the expected ratios of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents.

28
Q

what do punnett squares show

A

All of the possible offspring that can result from a given cross.

29
Q

find the ratios
Tt x Tt , TT x tt, Tt x TT

A

Tt x Tt = genotypic ratio of TT:Tt:tt is 1:2:1, phenotypic ratio is Tall:short is 3:1

30
Q

Number of chromosomes in body cell vs gametes

A

46 body cell and 23 gamete

31
Q

Diploid cell vs Haploid cell type- These cells have two complete sets of chromosomes.

A

Diploid- In humans, diploid cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
Most body cells (like skin, muscle, and brain cells) are diploid.
Haploid- These cells have only one set of chromosomes.
In humans, haploid cells have 23 chromosomes.
Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are haploid.

32
Q

what are sex linked traits

A

Sex-linked traits/genes are usually found on the X-chromosome (the Y-chromosome only has a few genes). An X-linked trait is more common in men than women because they only have one X chromosome. Women have two chances to get the dominant allele and will not suffer the disorder.

33
Q

what are autosomal traits

A

Traits/genes found on chromosomes #1-22.

34
Q

what is true about autosomal disorders and sex linked disorders carriers?

A

Autosomal disorder carriers can be male or female
Sex linked disorder carriers are always unaffected females

35
Q

TT x tt
Tt x Tx
Tt x tt
RR x WW (incomplete dominance)
IAIA X IBi (codominance)

A

Tall
Tall:short
Tall:short
Pink (different than Red and White)
Type A:Type AB

36
Q

what are the possible gamete combinations
RRSs =
RrSs =
Rrss =

A

RRSs = RS and Rs
RrSs = RS, Rs, rS, and rs
Rrss = Rs and rs

37
Q

what is codominance

A

relationship between two alleles for the same gene in which both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote. (Both alleles will express equally)

38
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

relationship between the alleles for a gene in which one allele is only partly dominant to the other allele so an intermediate phenotype results (Neither allele is dominant so something different will be the phenotype)

39
Q

what is a polygenic trait

A

characteristic, or trait, controlled by more than two genes(eye color)

40
Q

what are multiple allele traits

A

traits that are controlled by a single gene with more than two alleles(blood type).

41
Q

karyotypes uses and limitations

A

(used to see major chromosomal abnormalities in the offspring like Down’s Syndrome, missing or damaged chromosomes. Does NOT show specific traits because you cannot see the specific genes, just the chromosomes)

42
Q

Examples of chromosomal abnormalities

A

Down’s Syndrome - extra 21st chromosomes
Turner’s Syndrome - missing and X chromosomes
Klinefelter’s Syndrome - extra X in men

43
Q

what is a pedigree

A

chart showing how a trait is passed from generation to generation within a family.

44
Q

what do circles stand for in a pedigree

A

female

45
Q

what do squares stand for in a pedigree

A

male

46
Q

what does a half colored circle and half not colored circle represent

A

the female is a carrier of the disease but is not affected

47
Q

what are the environmental impacts on phenotype

A

Nutrition level
pH of soil
Temperature
Amount of sunlight

48
Q

How have we used cloning technology?

A

Used to clone Genes for research or gene therapy

49
Q

Steps of cloning

A

Steps: Isolation(cut DNA), Ligation(combine to plasmid), Transformation(into bacteria), Selection(find successful bacteria)

50
Q

what does polymerase chain reaction do

A

PCR makes many copies of a segment of DNA for study

51
Q

what are the three steps of PCR

A

Denaturing
Annealing
Extension

52
Q

what happens in denaturing

A

Denaturing: heating to open the strand

53
Q

what happens in annealing

A

Annealing: cooling DNA to allow primer to bond

54
Q

what happens in extention

A

Extension: Taq polymerase adds nucleotides

55
Q

what do heating and cooling cycles do

A

Precise heating and cooling cycles increase the overall quality of DNA.

Biology (5 decks)

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