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Biology > Chapter 2 test part 1 October 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 test part 1 October 2 and 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define theory

A

the accepted explanation for what we observe in nature

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2
Q

prokaryote

A

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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3
Q

eukaryote

A

organism that has cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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4
Q

semipermeable/ selectively permeable

A

only certain molecules can cross the cell membrane

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5
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

model proposes that integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, and that the membrane is in a constant change, behaving like a fluid, rather than a solid.

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6
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

a protein that is only temporarily associated with the cell membrane and can be easily removed.

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7
Q

intergral membrane protein

A

protein that is permanently embedded within the cell membrane; a range of important functions including transporting molecules across the membrane.

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8
Q

know how to calculate surface to volume ration

A
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9
Q

cytosol

A

watery substance that makes up cytoplasm, and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes.

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

material inside the cell membrane, including the watery cytosol and other cell structures except the nucleus if one is present.

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11
Q

nucleus

A

membrane- enclosed organelle found in most cells

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12
Q

nucleolus

A

non-membrane bound organelle found in the nucleus of many cells and is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes.

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13
Q

nuclear pore

A

tiny hole in the nuclear envelope that helps regulate the exchange of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

gene

A

segments of the DNA that code proteins

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15
Q

chromatin

A

DNA coiled around proteins and gently twisted

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16
Q

chromosome

A

Chromatin tightly twisted

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17
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration

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18
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport of a substance through a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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20
Q

pinocytosis

A

occurs when the cell membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell; also known as cellular drinking, the liquid that enters the cell is encircled within a pinocytic vesicle.

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21
Q

phagocytosis

A

process in which pathogens and dead cells are consumed and destroyed by a phagocyte; also known as cellular eating, occurs when the cell membrane engulfs solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle which then enters the cell.

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22
Q

what is the cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made up of at least one cell
  2. In the 1800’s they also discovered that cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
  3. Cells only come from other existing cells.
  4. Also explains why things are living and not living
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23
Q

who is Leeuwenhoek

A

improved the microscope and made even more discoveries

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24
Q

who is virchow

A

observed that cells divide to produce more cells an that all cells arise only from other cells.

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25
Q

who is Schwann

A

German scientist who suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all life.

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26
Q

Who is Hooke

A

named the small structures seen under a microscope

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27
Q

what are structures common to all cells

A

all cells are very small, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and DNA

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28
Q

Features and characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

Do NOT contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
Usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
Include ONLY bacteria.

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29
Q

Features and characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

Contain a nucleus and possibly other membrane bound organelles.
Usually larger cells
Evolved 2.5 billion years ago from prokaryotic cells
Include all living things OTHER THAN bacteria.

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30
Q

What are various names for the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, plasma membrane, cell membrane

31
Q

functions of the cell membrane

A

provides a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell, protects and supports the cell, and regulates what can pass through.

32
Q

why do some substances need to use a membrane protein?

A

larger or polar molecules cannot cross the membrane on their own and need help

33
Q

what is the function of integral proteins

A

Permanently embedded within the membrane.
Channel proteins
Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Adhesion proteins
Identification proteins

34
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins

A

Temporarily associated with the cell membrane.
Often associated with integral proteins such as ion channels or receptor proteins.
Most are hydrophilic, so they cannot exist near the fatty acid tails layer.

35
Q

Make sure you know how to label the picture

A
36
Q

what is included in the cytoplasm

A

space inside the cell membrane, not including the nucleus. This space is filled with the cytosol, other molecules, and organelles.

37
Q

What are the three varieties of cytoskeletal fibers

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

38
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus

A

DNA is maintained in a double membrane organelle, the nucleus

39
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

able to regulate the expression of of genes and control the process that occur in a cell.

40
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nucleus, or floating free in the cytosol.

41
Q

where are mitochondria found

A

found in cells of eukaryotic organisms

42
Q

Structure of a ribosome

A

Each ribosome is composed of a large subunit and a small subunit (made in the nucleolus).

43
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

surrounded by a double membrane system

44
Q

function of ribosomes

A

use mRNA to build a chain of amino acids in a process called translation.

45
Q

function of mitochondria

A

are the site of cellular respiration (aka. powerhouse of the cell).

46
Q

make sure you can label the mitochondria and ribosomes picture on the study guide

A
47
Q

function of the chloroplast

A

produce energy through photosynthesis

48
Q

function of the ribosome

A

make proteins

49
Q

function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport vesicles bubble off of the Rough ER and carry protein to the Golgi apparatus.

50
Q

function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis
Calcium ion storage
Drug detoxification

51
Q

function of the golgi complex

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins made in the RER so they can be transported where they are needed.

52
Q

function of the vesicles

A

Use for metabolism, transport, and storage of molecules.

53
Q

function of the centrioles

A

used in cell division

54
Q

make sure you can label the image for cell structure

A
55
Q

As you increase in complexity, new abilities arise.

A

emergent properties

56
Q

Level of organization in multicellular organisms

A

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

57
Q

What is the colonial theory

A

Cells toward the “front” have more developed eyespots then cells toward the “back”. Allowing the colony to swim forward toward the light.

58
Q

what are colonial organisms

A

single celled creatures that live and work together.

59
Q

what is the concentration gradient

A

the difference in the concentrations of molecules across a membrane.

60
Q

What are membrane proteins

A

proteins attached or associated to a cellular membrane

61
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion of a molecule through a transport protein WITHOUT the use of energy.

62
Q

GO OVER DIFFUSION AND READ CK12

A
63
Q

be able to determine what direction water will move in a given situation in osmosis

A
64
Q

what is the evolutionary adaptation for osmosis

A

To regulate water concentrations, some single celled organisms contain a contractile vacuole.
Once filled, the vacuole will contract and force excess water out of the cell.
this is an adaptation to living in fresh water

65
Q

what is the energy source used in active transport

A

ATP

66
Q

What biomolecule is involved in active transport

A

glucose or amino acids

67
Q

What way does active transport move molecules

A

against the concentration gradient

68
Q

What body system is the sodium potassium pump essential?

A

cardiac muscle, kidney function, and nerve signaling

69
Q

what is the basic process of the sodium potassium pump

A

Three sodium ions bind with the protein pump
Carrier protein gets energy from ATP
Two potassium ions from outside the cell bind to the protein pump
Potassium ions are transported into the cell and process repeats

70
Q

whats the goal of endo and exocytosis

A

endocytosis takes substances in and to the cell membrane
Exocytosis shifts materials such as waste products from inside the cell and pushes them out

71
Q

how does endocytosis work

A

the membrane folds over the substance and becomes completely enclosed by the membrane and it gets pinched off by the vesicle into the cytosol

72
Q

how does exocytosis work

A

vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane releasing the contents to the outside of the cell

73
Q

do exo and endocytosis require energy

A

Yes and it comes from the cell

Biology (3 decks)

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