Finals Flashcards
It is the structured and hierarchical ranking of individuals based on their family, occupation, income, wealth, and (social and political) power.
Social Stratification
It is universal. It is also an instrument to pass on social inequality from one generation to the next
Social Stratification
CCT
Conditional Cash transfer
DSWD
Department of Social Welfare and Development
Three classes in every society
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
Consist of wealthy business people, big politicians
Upper Class
This is composed of the ordinary working class
Middle Class
It consist of financially and socially underprivileged individuals
Lower Class
are divided into social classes or sets of people sharing similar socioeconomic statutes
Members
It means sameness. It is the state in a society where people enjoy the same rights, social statuses, and other privileges.
Equality
It stands for fairness
Equity
It is the effect of limiting or impairing a group or an individual’s social states, class, and privileges. This is the most common and stratified society.
Social Inequality
He described capital as the means of production. It is the main resource for a person to survive.
Marx
Capital exists in different forms:
Financial capital
social capital
cultural capital
human capital
symbolic capital
Reported, based on the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey, that one in four Filipino women aged 15-49 have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual violence by their husband or partner.
The Philippine and Statistics Authority (PSA)
They are among “the most obscure, misunderstood, and marginalized among the Filipino ethnic-linguistic groups”(Lagsa 2015)
Sama Dilaut (Badjao)
It also manifest in cultural minorities, such as as ethnic groups, sexual minorities, persons with disabilities (PWDs), and religious minorities.
Inequality
He said that, “The inequality that we are facing is palpable and did not happen by chance.”
Oxyfam
He said that “Inequality contributes to the death of at least one person every four seconds.”
Ashmed
It is a good mechanism in a highly stratified society. It gives a chance to the people from the lower classes to climb the social ladder.
Social Mobility
Two systems of social mobility
An open (class) system
A closed (casted) system
It allows a person freer mobility.
Open (class) system
In this system, a person has little or no possibility of moving up the social ladder
Closed (caste) system
Types of social mobility
Horizontal Social Mobility
Vertical Social Mobility
Intergenerational Mobility
Intragenerational Mobility
This is the change of position of a person to another position of the same rank.
Horizontal Social Mobility
Happens when a person moves from one social class to another
Vertical Social Mobility
Started with the parents and was felt by even the children
Intergenerational Mobility
Happens within a person’s adult life
Intragenerational Mobility
Social mobility may be hindered by the following factors:
- educational attainment
2 childhood poverty with associated psychological and behavioral development - the family and all the financial, social, and cultural aspects that are formed within it
- attitudes, expectations, and aspirations
- economic barriers
is the modification (change of goods and social conditions) or replacement (new idea superseding the existing one) of any social process, social pattern, or social institution (Jones, 1949)
Social change
social change has the following characteristics:
Universal
A Natural Law
Collective
Diverse Every society experiences varying social change
Nature and speed as determined by the time element.
Unpredictable
Manifests chain reaction.
Every society is in a process of transformation.
Universal
It is a part of the process of evolution.
A Natural Law
When only one individual experiences change, it is a personal change
Collective
The only sure thing in the future is change, but as to what kind of change will happen is still a puzzle for social scientists.
Unpredictable
If a change happens in one area, the change will also be felt by the other areas.
Manifests chain reaction
It refers to the new organizational forms (eg chain stores),
processes and routines (e.g. rules that prevent bureaucratic abuse and corruption),
products (e.g. modern technology), and services (e.g. online shopping)
Any product of innovation may facilitate or constrain innovation of other types.
Innovation
Factors Affecting Innovation
Relative advantage.
Compatibility of new idea with needs and values of the group.
Simplicity of innovation
Trialability of an innovation.
The new product is assumed as far better than the current product in terms of various features
Relative advantage
The new idea or technology is perceived as consistent with the values and other cultural practices of the adopters.
Compatibility of new idea with needs and values of the group.
If the product or idea is simple, it will easily be adopted by the majority of the population.
Simplicity of innovation.
This pertains to the testability of the new idea or product to experience it actually and explore its risks.
Trialability of an innovation.
There are tangible results which will result from more discussions with other people.
Observable results.
There are three types of innovation efforts (O’Reilly and Tushman, 2004)
Incremental Innovations.
Architectural Innovations.
Discontinuous Innovations.
These are smaller improvements in the existing products that enable the operations to become more efficient and effective so that they deliver greater value.
Incremental Innovations.
These refer to the application of technological or process advances to change fundamentally some components of the operation or production
Architectural Innovations.
These are radical advances, like digital photography, GPS, wi-fi, on-camera photo edition, digital wallets, etc., that totally alter playing fields and the competition. This kind of innovation will render products and the old ways of doing this obsolete
Discontinuous Innovations.
is the spread of culture to another by means of migration, trade, or colonialism.
Diffusion
Moving from one place to another for long period of time, is a constant trend in different societies
Migration
Implementing rules and guidelines called:
RA. (10022) or Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995
Classification of Filipino:
Overseas Filipinos
Overseas Filipino Workers or Migrant Workers.
Regular or Documented Filipino Migrant Workers
Irregular/ Undocumented Filipino Migrant Worker
According to Corazon Aquino had dubbed ___ as the country’s “Bagong Bayani”
OFW
Is erratic change of weather systems in the world.
Climate Change
Climate change cause mainly __
Global Warming
2 ways respond to climate change
Mitigation
Adaptation
Means reducing the flow of greenhouse gases into atmosphere
Mitigation
This involves learning to live with, and adapt to, the climate change that has already been set in motion.
Adaptation
This paved for the establishment of a Climate Change Commission that created and implemented climate change adaptation plans, development and poverty reduction programs
Climate Change Act of 2009 (Presidential Decree (PD) 9729)
This Act (including its revised version in 1976) established the creation and function of a National Pollution Control Commission tasked to prevent and control environmental pollution in the country.
Pollution Control Law (Republic Act (RA) 3931 & PD 984 s. 1976)
Focused on mitigating the causes of air pollution, this provided a more comprehensive air pollution control policy and other environment-released purposes.
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1998 (RA 8749)
This provided for an ecological solid waste management program that created the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, managed prohibitions and penalties, and other environment-related purposes.
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003)
are actively advocate and calling the government for climate objectives
NGO
Is the basic rights are not anchored on age
Human Rights
Characteristics of human rights
Universal
Inalienable
Interdependent and invisible
Equal and nondiscrimatory
Human rights are absolute and applicable to everyone.
Universal
Human rights go hand-in-hand; these cannot be separated.
Interdependent and indivisible
Human rights cannot be taken away, except in certain situations where they may be restricted according to due process by the court of law.
Inalienable
Human rights apply to everyone, regardless of gender, race, religious beliefs, and so on
.Equal and nondiscriminatory
require the provision or action of another person or group.
Positive Rights
Different type of social movement;
Transformative
Reformative
Redemptive
Alternative
Aims to transform society
Transformative
a group of 1300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under UN, concluded in its Fourth Assessment Report (2007) that there is more than 90% probability that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed the planet Earth.
The Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
Green House Effect
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Flourinated Gases
it defines the Scope of Environmental Education
National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008 (RA 9512). In Section 3 of the said Act
was released by DepEd to address the global concerns and issues about the environment and in compliance with RA 9512
Strengthening Environmental Education in Public and Private Schools (DepEd Order (DO) 52, s. 2011)
The UDHR listed down 30 articles of human rights. The following is an abbreviated version
Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms in this Declaration without distinction of any kind.
Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security
Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment or punishment
Article 6. Everyone has the right to be recognized as a person before the law.
Article 7. Everyone is equal before the law and is entitled to equal protection of the law.
Article 8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by competent national tribunals for acts violating his fundamental rights.
Article 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile.
Article 10. Everyone has the right to a fair and public hearing.
Article 11. Everyone has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
Article 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation.
Article 13. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement in and out of a country
Article 14. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries
Article 15. Everyone has the right to a nationality and the right to change it.
Article 16. Everyone has the right to marriage and to form a family.
Article 17. Everyone has the right to own property.
Article 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of belief and religion.
Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
Article 20. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association and may not be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21. Everyone has the right to participate in the government of his country and in free elections, and the right to equal access to public service in his country.
Article 22. Everyone has the right to social security.
Article 23. Everyone has the right to work in favorable conditions and the right to equal pay for equal work.
Article 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure
Article 25. Everyone has the right to adequate living standards. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26. Everyone has the right to education.
Article 27. Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community, and the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of any work of which he is the author.
Article 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms of this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29. Everyone has duties to the community in which he can freely and fully develop his personality. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall recognize and respect the rights and freedoms of others.
Article 30. Nothing in this Declaration gives any State, group, or person the right to engage in any act that will destroy any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein
pertain to rights that do not need the involvement of action of another person or group.
Negative Rights
