FINALS Flashcards
Children that tend to do well
in school and are cooperative and friendly
Popular-prosocial
children that may gain
popularity by acting tough or spreading
rumors
Popular-antisocial
children that are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate
Withdrawn-rejected
children that are ostracized
and may be acting out due to insecurity
Aggressive-rejected
If the crisis is successfully resolved, COMPETENCE emerges.
If the crisis is unsuccessfully resolved, INFERIORITY emerges.
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
The physical beginning of puberty for females?
Thelarche
The physical beginning of puberty for males?
Enlargement of the testicles
Onset of androgen-dependent body changes
such as growth of axillary and pubic hair, body odor, and acne.
Adrenarche
The appearance of sexual hair.
Pubarche
Refers to the first menstrual period.
Menarche
Beginning of sperm production.
Spermarche
A SUPERFICIAL UNDERSTANDING OF RIGHT AND WRONG WITH A FOCUS ON THE DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF ACTIONS, AVOIDING PUNISHMENT, AND SELF-INTEREST
PRE-CONVENTIONAL MORAL DEVELOPMENT
A GOOD DECISION IS ONE THAT GAINS THE APPROVAL OF OTHERS OR ONE THAT COMPLIES WITH THE LAW
WITH A FOCUS ON MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER
CONVENTIONAL MORAL DEVELOPMENT
RIGHT AND WRONG ARE BASED ON SOCIAL CONTRACT ESTABLISHED FOR THE GOOD OF EVERYONE OR AN UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF RIGHT AND WRONG TRANSCEND THE SELF AND
SOCIAL CONVENTION AND INCLUDES REALIZING THAT NOT EVERYTHING IS BLACK AND WHITE AND THINKING ABOUT MORALITY IN A NON-PERSONAL WAY
POST-CONVENTIONAL MORAL DEVELOPMENT
A research assistant and believed the theory was inherently biased against women
Carol Gilligan
Males view morality in?
Justice and Fairness.
Females view morality in?
Responsibility and Compassion.
It involves:
AGGRESSION, DEFIANCE, OR ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR.
DISRUPTIVE CONDUCT DISORDERS
It involves:
FEELING SAD, DEPRESSED, UNLOVED, NERVOUS, FEARFUL, OR LONELY
ANXIETY OR MOOD DISORDERS
An individual’s perception of themselves in terms of traits, abilities, and characteristics.
Self Concept
An individual’s overall evaluation
of their worth and value.
Self esteem
A CANADIAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST WHO EXPANDED ON
ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.
JAMES MARCIA
The status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
Identity Diffusion
The status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to the expectations of others regarding their future (e. g. allowing a parent to determine a career direction) As such, these individuals have not explored a range of options.
Identity Foreclosure
The status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet.
Identity Moratorium
The status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity (i.e. certain role or value) that he or she has chosen
Identity Achievement
Sex: ?
Gender: ?
Sex: biological
Gender: social construct
Identifies with sex assigned at birth as gender
Cisgender
Gender identity differs from sex
assigned at birth
Transgender
Gender identity does not conform to conventional gender distinctions, non-binary
Genderqueer
A pattern of unnecessarily engaging in activities or behaviors that are dangerous or highly subject to chance.
Negative risk taking
behavior
Risk-taking appears to result from the:
1.
2.
(1) socio-emotional network
(2) cognitive-control network
Behaviors by people not legally adults that are outside of norms of society, either formally or informally.
Juvenile Delinquency
The ability to analyze and evaluate information, solve problems, and make decisions.
Analytical Intelligence
The ability to generate new and original ideas, and think outside the box.
Creative Intelligence
The ability to apply knowledge and skills to real-world situations, adapt to new situations, and cope with everyday challenges.
Practical Intelligence
“The union with somebody, or something outside oneself under the condition of retaining the separateness and integrity of one’s own self”
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Galinsky’s Stage:
Consider what it means to be a parent and plan for changes to
accommodate a child
The Image-Making
Stage
Galinsky’s Stage:
Develop an attachment relationship with child and adapt to the new baby
The Nurturing Stage
Galinsky’s Stage:
Parents create rules and figure out how to effectively guide their children’s behavior
The Authority Stage
Galinsky’s Stage:
Parents help their children interpret their experiences with the social world beyond the family
The Interpretative
Stage
Galinsky’s Stage:
Parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared power in decision-making.
The Interdependent
Stage
Galinsky’s Stage:
Parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents
The Departure Stage
One biologically based change during midlife
Climacteric
Refers to a period of transition in which a woman’s ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases
Menopause
A decrease in libido and lower testosterone (androgen) levels
Andropause.
Focused on establishing
and guiding the next generation
Generativity
Is possible when the demands
of family, work, and relationships recede
and drawn down, resulting in lethargy and lack of enthusiasm and involvement
Stagnation
Is the desire to pass on
skills and experience (mentoring)
Leader generativity
Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development:
Leaving home, starting college or work, exploring new relationships and identities
Early adult transition
Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development:
Establishing oneself in a chosen career, developing long- term relationships, making independent decisions
Novice phase
Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development:
Reassessing goals and priorities, questioning life
choices, experiencing a sense of crisis or reflection
Mid-life transition
Levinson’s Theory of Adult Development:
Looking back on life and evaluating achievements and legacy, engaging in activities that provide a sense of fulfillment and meaning
Culminating phase
Is the gradual
deterioration of functional characteristics
Senescence
Having good or excellent health is reported by 41% of this age group
The Young Old (65 to 74)
This age group is more likely to experience limitations on physical activity due to chronic disease such and hearing or visual impairments
The Old Old (75 to 84)
This group is more likely to require long-term care and to be in nursing homes or living with relatives
The Oldest Old (85 +)
Rarely see grandchildren, live far away, may also have a distant relationship
Remote grandparents
Do things with the grandchild but have little authority or control over them and take on more of a friend role
Companionate grandparents
Take a very active role in their grandchild’s life, grandchild might live in their home or the grandparent has frequent contact and
authority
Involved grandparents
Occurs when the vital organs no longer function and may take 72 or fewer hours
Physiological death
The gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex may occur
Agonal breathing
Occurs when the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity but the brain stem continues to be active.
Vegetative state
Death is the final, irreversible cessation of all biological functions and processes.
Finality
Death is caused by biological processes, such as organ failure or disease.
Biological
Causality
Death is a universal experience that all humans will eventually
face.
Universality
Once a person dies, it is
impossible to reverse the process or bring them back to life.
Irreversibility
The outward expressions of grief and mourning and funeral rites are expressions of loss reflecting personal and cultural beliefs
Bereavement
Is the psychological, physical, and emotional experience and reaction to loss
Grief
Occurs when a death is expected and survivors have time to prepare to some extent before the loss
Anticipatory grief
Experienced by those who have to hide the circumstances of their loss or whose grief goes unrecognized
Disenfranchised grief
A natural reaction to loss that involves a range of emotions and behaviors
Normal Grief
Prolonged and intense grief that makes it difficult to adjust to the loss
Complicated Grief
Grief that occurs when there is an unclear or uncertain loss, such as a missing person or illness
Ambiguous Loss
A person may initially deny that a loss has occurred or that a loved one has died.
Denial
A person may feel angry at the person who died, at themselves, or at a higher power.
Anger
A person may try to bargain with a higher power to bring back the person who died or to undo the loss in some way.
Bargaining
A person may experience profound sadness,emptiness, and withdrawal after a loss.
Depression
A person may come to accept the reality of the
loss and find ways to adjust to life without the
person who died.
Acceptance
A temporary, initial reaction to the loss where the individual may feel emotionally numb, have difficulty accepting the reality of the loss, and may have difficulty processing information. The individual may also experience shock and disbelief.
Numbness
The individual may experience intense emotions, such as longing, sadness, and distress. They may search for ways to reconnect with the lost individual or look for meaning in the
loss. The individual may also experience guilt, anger, and regret.
Yearning (anger and guilt)
The individual may feel overwhelmed and have difficulty adjusting to the new reality of life without the lost individual. They may feel confused, anxious, and hopeless. The individual may also experience physical symptoms, such as fatigue, loss of appetite, and insomnia.
Disorganization and
despair
The individual begins to adjust to the new reality of life without the lost individual. They may find ways to incorporate the loss into their life and find meaning in the experience. They may also begin to form new relationships and attachments. The individual may also experience a sense of peace and acceptance.
Reorganization
