CHAPTER 5 (cognitive development during the first years) Flashcards
Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning.
Behaviorist approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively.
Psychometric approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.
Piagetian approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information.
Information-processing approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones.
Cognitive neuroscience approach
Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers.
Social-contextual approach
Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.
Classical conditioning
Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.
Operant conditioning
Behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.
Intelligent behavior
Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms.
IQ (intelligence quotient) tests
Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development.
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth.
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)
Systematic process of providing service to help families meet young children’s developmental needs.
Early’ intervention
Plaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity.
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.
Schemes
Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.
Circular reactions
Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events.
Representational ability
Imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see.
Visible imitation
Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see.
Invisible imitation
Piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.
Deferred imitation
Research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before.
Elicited imitation
Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight.
Object permanence
Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.
Dual representation hypothesis
Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a
response.
Habituation
Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.
Visual preference
Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.
Visual recognition memory
Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.
Cross-modal transfer
Research method in which dishabituatíon to a stimulus that Conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.
Violation-of-expectations
Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory.
Implicit memory
Intentional and Conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.
Explicit memory
Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
Working memory
Adult’s participation in.a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s.
Guided participation
Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words.includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning
Prelinguistic speech
Verbal expression designed to convey meaning
Linguistic speech
Single word that conveys a complete thought.
Holophrase
Early form of sentence use consists of only a few essential words.
Telegraphic speech
Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.
Syntax
Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.
Nativism
In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.
Code mixing
Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.
Code switching
Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.
Child-directed speech (CDS)
