CHAPTER 5 (cognitive development during the first years)

Question 1

Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning.

Answer 1

Behaviorist approach

Question 2

Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively.

Answer 2

Psychometric approach

Question 3

Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.

Answer 3

Piagetian approach

Question 4

Approach to the study of cognitive development that analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information.

Answer 4

Information-processing approach

Question 5

Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones.

Answer 5

Cognitive neuroscience approach

Question 6

Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers.

Answer 6

Social-contextual approach

Question 7

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.

Answer 7

Classical conditioning

Question 8

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.

Answer 8

Operant conditioning

Question 9

Behavior that is goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.

Answer 9

Intelligent behavior

Question 10

Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s performance with standardized norms.

Answer 10

IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

Question 11

Standardized test of infants’ and toddlers’ mental and motor development.

Answer 11

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Question 12

Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth.

Answer 12

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Question 13

Systematic process of providing service to help families meet young children’s developmental needs.

Answer 13

Early’ intervention

Question 14

Plaget’s first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity.

Answer 14

Sensorimotor stage

Question 15

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations.

Answer 15

Schemes

Question 16

Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.

Answer 16

Circular reactions

Question 17

Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events.

Answer 17

Representational ability

Question 18

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see.

Answer 18

Visible imitation

Question 19

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see.

Answer 19

Invisible imitation

Question 20

Piaget’s term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.

Answer 20

Deferred imitation

Question 21

Research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before.

Answer 21

Elicited imitation

Question 22

Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight.

Answer 22

Object permanence

Question 23

Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.

Answer 23

Dual representation hypothesis

Question 24

Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a
response.

Answer 24

Habituation

Question 25

Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.

Answer 25

Visual preference

Question 26

Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.

Answer 26

Visual recognition memory

Question 27

Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.

Answer 27

Cross-modal transfer

Question 28

Research method in which dishabituatíon to a stimulus that Conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.

Answer 28

Violation-of-expectations

Question 29

Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory.

Answer 29

Implicit memory

Question 30

Intentional and Conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.

Answer 30

Explicit memory

Question 31

Short-term storage of information being actively processed.

Answer 31

Working memory

Question 32

Adult’s participation in.a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s.

Answer 32

Guided participation

Question 33

Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words.includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning

Answer 33

Prelinguistic speech

Question 34

Verbal expression designed to convey meaning

Answer 34

Linguistic speech

Question 35

Single word that conveys a complete thought.

Answer 35

Holophrase

Question 36

Early form of sentence use consists of only a few essential words.

Answer 36

Telegraphic speech

Question 37

Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.

Answer 37

Syntax

Question 38

Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.

Answer 38

Nativism

Question 39

In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.

Answer 39

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 40

Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.

Answer 40

Code mixing

Question 41

Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.

Answer 41

Code switching

Question 42

Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese.

Answer 42

Child-directed speech (CDS)